Underage Binge Drinking In UK Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this survey is for the author to research the authorities schemes in battling the lifting rates of minor orgy imbibing in the UK. The author will near this subject by briefly analyzing the prevalence, determiners, and effects of minor orgy imbibing. The author will besides critically analyse spreads in authorities schemes in undertaking minor imbibing and later explicate a policy intercession that would turn to the spreads highlighted. Ethical consideration of the policy intercession will besides be explored, and later contemplation and decision will shut the survey. There is no cosmopolitan definition of orgy imbibing, but it is frequently described as a form of inordinate consumption of intoxicant over a short period of clip ( Home Office Findings ( HOFs ) , 2005 ) . Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology ( POST ) ( 2005 ) expands this definition farther as such behavior that leads to a rapid addition in blood intoxicant concentration and accordingly to drunkenness. However, the author believes that orgy imbibing occurs when people have no bound of their intoxicant consumption within a short period ensuing in exposing themselves or/and other people to put on the line. Underage orgy imbibing continues to increase in the UK, although the figure of immature people aged 11 to 15 who drink intoxicant has fallen since 2001 ( National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , 2007 ) . However, those that drink intoxicant continue to imbibe more and more frequently ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to HOFs ( 2006 ) , the nature of offenses among elderly 10 to 17 during or after imbibing was associated with frequence of imbibing. Those that drink one time a hebdomad or more reported acquiring involved in statements ( 48 % ) , battles ( 19 % ) and condemnable harm offenses ( 12 % ) during or after imbibing compared to those that drink between one and three times a month ( 16 % , 6 % and 4 % severally ) . Another survey undertaken by The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs ( ESPAD ) has examined imbibing among representative samples of elderly 15 and 16 in the UK. In 2003 survey, UK was ranked as the 3rd most adolescent orgy drinkers out of 35 European states ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . There are some effects of teenage orgy imbibing, and one of this is medical consequence. Binge imbibing causes encephalon harm that destroys the encephalon cells and grounds suggests that adolescent orgy drinkers are likely to see impaired memory and concluding accomplishments ( Institute of Alcohol Studies ( IAS ) , 2007 ) . Alcohol toxic condition is another common medical status among immature orgy drinkers. The hazard of cardiovascular, high blood pressure, shots, bosom diseases, psychological jobs, chest and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases are ulterior effects of teenage imbibing on maturity ( IAS, 2007 ) . One of the economic deductions of orgy imbibing is the cost to the NHS, it is estimated that the cost of intoxicant injury to the NHS in England is ?2.7 billion ( 2006/07 ) as compared to ?1.7 billion in 2001/02 monetary values ( The Health and Social Care Information Centre ( THSCIC ) , 2009 ) . Other effects of minor orgy imbibing consequence in intoxicant related accidents. For illustration, in 2007, 6,541 deceases in England were straight related to alcohol ingestion and this has increased by 19 % between 2001 and 2007 ( THSCIC, 2009 ) . Besides, orgy imbibing consequences in insecure behavior such as sexual activities and other illicit drug usage, which is more outstanding with immature orgy drinkers ( IAS, 2007 ) .Determinants OF UNDERAGE BINGE DrinkingDahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) ( see appendix ) formulated a utile model to intensively research the determiners of wellness. It is argued that public wellness is non chiefly the absence of diseases ( World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , 1948 ) but to advance ways of protracting people ‘s lives ( Acheson, 1988 ) through the complex interactions between societal and economic factors, the physical environment and single behavior every bit good as fixed factors such as age, sex and hereditary. The extremum of teenage orgy imbibing age seems to happen around elderly 15 and supra. HOFs ( 2006 ) reported that kids aged 16 to 17 reported holding had alcoholic drink in the old 12 months. This study shows the highest intoxicant ingestion ( 88 % ) between the age bracket as compared to kids aged 10 to 13 that have the lowest ( 29 % ) . Conversely, kids aged 15 to 16 were used in ESPAD ‘s survey, which shows high rate of underage orgy imbibing in the UK among these age bracket ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . HOFs ( 2005 ) reported that immature males are likely to gorge drink ( 49 % ) than immature females ( 39 % ) . However, Hibell et Al. ( 2004 ) argued that UK imbibing civilization seems to be switching from immature males devouring intoxicant far more than immature females because figures show that in the UK, Ireland and Isle of Man, adolescent misss are more likely than teenage male childs to hold consumed intoxicant in orgies ( Velleman, 2009 ) . Griffith ( 2000 ) suggested that imbibing has been reported as being portion of British imbibing civilization for coevalss. Plant and works ( 2006 ) argued that most people in the UK drink alcoholic drinks and the negative effects of this imbibing are clearly a large job. The imbibing forms are extremely influenced by national civilization ( Velleman, 2009 ) . For illustration, in Mediterranean civilization, immature people are most likely to imbibe and imbibe more frequently and ne'er caused public inebriation ( Velleman, 2009 ) whereas in northern European, imbibing is characterised by inordinate imbibing but less frequent and heavier when it does happen ( IAS, 2007 ) . Parental influence was critically explored by Velleman et Al. ( 2005 ) of which household construction was one of the countries where households can act upon their bush leagues ‘ substance use behavior. Hellandsjo Bu et Al. ( 2002 ) stated that kids imbibing at a younger age from single-parent households have limited household support. Steinberg et Al. ( 1994 ) argued that non-separated parents who expect a batch from their kids and supply a sense of self-efficacy tend to hold kids who are less likely to be misapplying intoxicant. Environmental factor such as advertizement ( direct and indirect ) is another factor act uponing minor orgy imbibing. Anderson & A ; Baumberg ( 2006 ) and Hastings ( 2007 ) have suggested in their reappraisal that intoxicant advertisement and selling are important factors in the rise in intoxicant ingestion by immature people. In contrast, intoxicant and advertisement industries argued that as the alcoholic drink is a legal merchandise it should be lawfully possible for it to be advertised ( IAS, 2008 ) . Other determiners are the influence of equal force per unit area ( Velleman, 2009 ) and socio-economic factors ( Measham, 1996 ) every bit good as single factors ( Ryan, 2005 In IAS, 2007 ) such as unprompted personality traits, populating off from place and to greater richness, and increase in orgy imbibing for those who have weak wellness beliefs.Current GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND BINGE DrinkingThe four states that constitute UK responded to ways in which lifting rate of orgy imbibing could be controlled. In England, authorities published a policy papers in 2004 on Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England ( Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy Unit, 2004 ) . This scheme sets out to turn to better instruction and communicating to accomplish a long term alteration in attitudes to irresponsible imbibing. It besides focuses on better wellness and intervention systems to better early designation and intervention of intoxicant jobs every bit good as to battle intoxicant rela ted offense and working with the intoxicant industry to construct on the good pattern of bing enterprises and develop new 1s. Finally, the new licensing jurisprudence that allows 24 hr entree to intoxicant was introduced by the authorities in November 2005 ( Department for Culture, Media & A ; Sport, 2005 ) . The authorities step to undertake orgy imbibing focuses on injury minimization but failed to turn to the handiness of intoxicant through its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence and affordability ( POST, 2005 ) . The current licensing jurisprudence harmonizing to the authorities tends to cut down the pattern of stashing intoxicant merely before the shutting hours and besides cut downing the Numberss of people hotfooting into the street to buy intoxicant. The Royal College of Physician ( RCP ) strongly disagreed with authorities policy on its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence. It was suggested that this will increase the overall ingestion of intoxicant and will hold public wellness deductions ( POST, 2005 ) . Government argued that its intoxicant licensing jurisprudence will cut down offense and anti-social behavior and promote a alteration in UK imbibing civilization ( POST, 2005 ) . Following the grounds presented above about the effect of orgy imbibing in the UK, it is clear that more dependa ble and grounds based solutions need to be put in topographic point because the authorities is trusting to control intoxicant related offense instead than seting scheme that would control the overall ingestion of intoxicant in order to safeguard the wellness of the people in general. The authorities policy on intoxicant seems to belie the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ( OCHP ) which suggests that all public policies should be examined for its impact on wellness ( WHO, 1986 ) which seems to hold been overlooked by the authorities. Furthermore, the Numberss of people sing intoxicant related injury continue to increase in the UK. For illustration, the Numberss of people deceasing from alcoholic liver diseases are increasing in England and Wales ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . The author feels that if the scheme to control the overall ingestion of intoxicant could be put in topographic point, it will certainly advance what the authorities is trusting to accomplish. Peoples should be entitled to good wellness and what orgy imbibing is doing in the UK is beliing what a good wellness should be. WHO ( 1948 ) defines wellness as a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing but non needfully absence of disease. Alma-Ata declaration argued that people should hold entree to healthcare at a cost that is low-cost and people going the ownership of their attention ( WHO, 1978 ) . It besides argued that wellness should be a cardinal human right and non a privilege. The authorities ‘s scheme on orgy imbibing seems to miss public wellness benefits as it contradicts Alma-Ata declaration of what a good wellness should be for the people.POLICY INTERVENTIONHarmonizing to Stevenson et Al. ( 2002, p.533 ) policy is ‘a class of action adopted or proposed by an organisation or individual ‘ . However, the author argued that a policy is a set of regulation or guideline that is specifically drafted for a peculiar intent for an person, administration or state to follow. The author will therefore focal point on beef uping the current authorities scheme as this scheme appears non to be battling adolescent orgy imbibing in the UK. The author aims to suggest a policy to cut down 24 hours entree to alcohol ( licencing jurisprudence ) to a restricted clip graduated table and to increase intoxicant revenue enhancements as ways of pull offing the handiness of intoxicant and to cut down early intoxicant imbibing. These thoughts are good supported by RCP, British Medical Association, and Academy of Medical Sciences ( POST, 2005 ) . Presently in the UK, the legal imbibing age is 18 old ages ( Office of communications, 2004 ) and the author is suggesting that the age should be increased to 21 in order to cut down teenage imbibing at early age and its associated injury. There has been a argument in the Australian media proposing increasing the legal age of intoxicant ingestion from 18 to 21 old ages ( Toumbourou, et Al. 2008 ) . Several surveies conducted in the yesteryear suggested that raising the age would cut down striplings ‘ entree to alcohol and subsequent associated injuries ( Grube, 1997 ; Ludbrook et al. , 2002 ) . Lowering the legal imbibing age from 20 to 18 in New Zealand is reported to hold resulted in a crisp addition in teenage and grownups binge imbibing ( Everitt & A ; Jones, 2002 ) . The author feels that if this attack is embraced, it will curtail entree to alcohol among elderly 18 to 21 which will partially cut down rate of imbibing. However, this action on its ain will non decide the or gy imbibing and all its associated injury. NICE ( 2007 ) produces public wellness guidelines on reasonable intoxicant ingestion for usage in primary and secondary schools in order to undertake the imbibing job among the immature people. The policy besides sets to supply support for intoxicant imbibing parents. It appears that authorities is seeking their best to control the lifting rate of underage imbibing in the UK. However, the author feels that sophisticated intoxicant consciousness programmes should be made available to the parents through their General Practitioners ( GPs ) . There is no modus operandi on intoxicant consciousness programme for the parents through their GPs and what appears to be available through the GP is to offer support when intoxicant is going or had become a job. There is a demand for everyday based intoxicant consciousness for the imbibing parents in all the GP surgeries. This thought is good supported by OCHP which focuses on assisting people develop their accomplishments in order to be in contro l of their lives and have more power in determinations that affect them ( WHO, 1986 ) . In making this, parents will be able to give advise on intoxicant imbibing as they will take by illustration by non imbibing or carrying intoxicant drinks in the house. Evidence shows that parents are likely to act upon their kids through their imbibing behavior ( Bandura 1977, In Velleman, 2009 ) . The author is besides suggesting that all alcohol related adverts ( direct or indirect ) should be ban in the UK because a recent reappraisal of seven international research surveies revealed that there is a correlativity between anterior intoxicant advertisement and selling exposure and subsequent intoxicant imbibing behavior in immature people ( Smith & A ; Foxcroft, 2007 ) . Taking actions on intoxicant advertizement in order to safeguard the hereafter of bush leagues are good supported by WHO ‘s European Charter on intoxicant. It addresses the European states to take action on intoxicant advertizement of which forbiddance was portion of the recommendations that were highlighted ( IAS, 2008 ) . However, the author is cognizant that this attack might non be in favor of the UK economic system because alcohol investors may go forth or non put in such state where publicity of their intoxicant merchandise can non be advertised. The author believes that overall wellness of the peo ple should outweigh such economic job. Last, the author is suggesting that a step such as presenting a national individuality card for its citizens with a position that this card will be used at the point of intoxicant purchase in order to maintain a record of authorities recommended ( THSCIC, 2009 ) daily alcohol consumption ( 3-4 and 2-3 units for work forces and adult females severally ) for an person who uses his/her card. This proposal will be monitored in relation to daily intoxicants intake should people get down to stash intoxicant. This proposal will besides restrict intoxicant entree to the bush leagues as grounds suggests they still have entree to alcohol despite authorities policy ( HOFs, 2006 ) .Ethical CONSIDERATIONThis survey considers the four widely accepted ethical rules ( Beauchamp & A ; Childress, 1995 ) which are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justness. This survey will promote the minor people to do picks based on the information provided. The right information will be passed to them and will be allowed to do their informed determinations. The survey is besides constructed in a manner that is good to minor people, household and society at big. The confidentiality and regard of the people will be maintained. Last, the author will guarantee that people are treated reasonably and the resources will be shared every bit among those that need support.ContemplationMy apprehension of public wellness and application of theory into pattern has developed to a considerable degree during the class of this survey. This survey seems to be complex and necessitating in-depth cognition and apprehension of public wellness pattern. With equal homos and material resources obtained, I was able to bring out troubles that were ab initio apparent. This survey has given acceptance to the spreads that sometimes occur in authorities scheme to battle a job. I am cognizant that for an issue such as minor orgy imbibing to be revisited on the public docket, there may be a demand to recommend and intercede between different involvements for the chase of wellness of the people in the society. Such manner is achieved through media, advertisement to raise public consciousness, personal entreaties by public functionaries and famous persons and many other attacks ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) . Although this is non a warrant that such issues will derive public docket but it is suggested that public sentiment has its greatest impact on authorities decision-making when people feel strongly and clearly about a job ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) .DecisionThis survey has attempted to research the lifting rate of underage orgy imbibing by critically measuring the authorities steps in undertaking the job, with raised and explored policy intercessions in order to turn to spreads in authorities scheme. It is hoped that the policy intercessions would turn to the overall intoxicant ingestion instead than aiming merely the intoxicant orgy drinkers.MentionsAcheson, D. ( 1988 ) . Public Health in England. London: HMSO. Anderson, P. & A ; Baumberg, B. ( 2006 ) Alcohol in Europe, a public wellness position: A study for the European Commission. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies Bandura, A. ( 1977 ) . Cited In: Velleman, R. erectile dysfunction. Influence on how kids and immature people learn about and act towards intoxicant. A reappraisal of the literature for the literature for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( portion one ) . York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12563/1/JRF_children-alcohol-use-partone_2009.pdf Beauchamp, T. L. & A ; Childress, J. F. ( 1995 ) . Principles of biomedical moralss. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy ( 2004 ) . The Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England. London: Cabinet Office. Dahlgren, G & A ; Whitehead, M ( 1991 ) . Policies and schemes to advance societal equity in wellness ( Roneo ) . Capital of sweden: Institute for Future Studies. Department for Culture, Media & A ; Sport ( 2005 ) New Licensing Laws Come into Effect at Midnight Tonight. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 26th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/3023.aspx Everitt, R. & A ; Jones, P. ( 2002 ) . Changing the minimal legal imbibing age.its consequence on a cardinal metropolis exigency section. New Zealand Medical Journal 115 ( 25 ) , pp. 9-11 Grube, J. ( 1997 ) . Preventing gross revenues of intoxicant to bush leagues. Consequences from a community test. Addiction 92 ( 2 ) , pp.251-260. Hastings, G. ( 2007 ) Social marketing.why should the Satans have all the best melodies? London: Butterworth-Heinemann Hellandsjo Bu, E. T. , Watten, R. G. , Foxcroft, D. R. , Ingebrigtsen, J. E. & A ; Relling, G. ( 2002 ) . Teenage intoxicant and poisoning introduction: the impact of household socialisation factors, populating country and engagement in organized athleticss. Alcohol and Alcoholism 37, pp.74-80 Hibell, B. , Andersson, B. , Bjarnason, T. , Ahlstrom, S. , Balakireva, O. , Kokkevi, A. and Morgan, M. ( 2004 ) . The ESPAD Report 2003. Alcohol and other Drug usage among Students in 35 European Countries. Capital of sweden: Swidish Council for Information on Alcohol and other Drugs. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sedqa.gov.mt/pdf/information/reports_intl_espad2003.pdf HM Government ( 2007 ) . Cited In: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. erectile dysfunction. Interventions in schools to forestall and cut down intoxicant usage among kids and immature people. [ Online ] . Retrived on 20th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nice.org.uk/PH007 Home Office Findings ( 2005 ) . Findingss from the 2003 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. alcohol-related offense and upset. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 15th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/r261.pdf Home Office Findings ( 2006 ) Underage imbibing: findings from the 2004 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 15th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/r277.pdf Institute of Alcohol Studies ( 2007 ) . Binge Drinking. Medical and Social Consequences. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/binge_drinkingmed.pdf Institute of Alcohol Studies ( 2008 ) . Alcohol & A ; Advertising. IAS Factsheet. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 13th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/advertising.pdf Ludbrook, A. , Godfrey, C. , Wyness, L. , Parrot, S. , Haw, S. , Napper, M. & A ; Teijlingen, V. ( 2002 ) . Effective and cost effectual steps to cut down intoxicant abuse in Scotland. A literature reappraisal. Scotland: University of York. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 20th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/health/alcoholproblems/docs/lire-00.asp Measham, F. ( 1996 ) . The â€Å" large knock † attack to sessional imbibing. altering forms of intoxicant ingestion among immature people in North West England. Addiction Research 4 ( 3 ) , pp.283-299 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( 2007 ) Interventions in schools to forestall and cut down intoxicant usage among kids and immature people. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 20th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nice.org.uk/PH007 Office of Communications ( 2004 ) . Final revised alcohol advertisement regulations. London: Ofcom. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/AlcAds/decision/rules.pdf Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology ( 2005 ) Postnote. Binge Drinking and Public Health. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/postpn244.pdf Pencheon, D. , Guest, C. , Melzer, D. & A ; Gray, J. A. M. ( eds. ) . ( 2006 ) . Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Plant, M. & A ; Plant, M. ( 2006 ) . Binge Britain. Alcohol and the National Response. New York: Oxford University Press. Ryan, F. ( 2005 ) . Cited In: Institute of Alcohol Studies. erectile dysfunction. Binge Drinking – Nature, Prevalence and Causes. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/binge_drinking.pdf Smith, L. A & A ; Foxcroft, D. R. ( 2007 ) . The consequence of intoxicant advertisement and selling on imbibing behavior in immature people. A systematic reappraisal. London: Alcohol Education and Research Council. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aerc.org.uk/documents/pdfs/finalReports/AERC_FinalReport_0040.pdf Steinberg, L. , Fletcher, A. & A ; Darling, N. ( 1994 ) . Parental monitoring and equal influences on stripling substance usage. Pediatricss 93 ( 6 pt 2 ) , 1060-1064 Stevenson, A. ( ed. ) , Elliott, J. ( ed. ) , Jones, R. ( ed. ) . ( 2002 ) . 2nd erectile dysfunction. Colour Oxford English Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press. The Health and Social Care Information Centre. ( 2009 ) . NHS. The Information Centre. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 30th November 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/alcoholeng2009/Final % 20Format % 20draft % 202009 % 20v7.pdf Toumbourou, J. , Moodie, R. , Eyre, J. & A ; Harper, T. ( 2008 ) . Set boundaries, set an illustration. Australia: Fairfax. Velleman, R. ( 2009 ) . Influence on how kids and immature people learn about and act towards intoxicant. 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Unique Examples of National Pride

Unique Examples of National Pride : In the first story I read â€Å"Cathleen Ni Houlihan† (which was actually an amazing story! ) I felt that before the OLD WOMAN came the family was kind of selfish and greedy (with the whole money thing) and when the OLD WOMAN came they changed and they became instantly unselfish and not greedy they wanted to help her out.And later in the story the OLD WOMAN changed everyone’s prospective at life including Michael who is getting married to Delia and then he totally forgot that he was getting married to her just because the OLD WOMAN changed his way of looking at things including his marriage. And the OLD WOMAN told them how many people died just for her and to get her lands back(Irish). And she had much Pride into getting her lands back and fighting the Irish for taking it. The second story I read is â€Å"Address to General William Henry Harrison† The main guy in the story, Shawnee had very much respect for his country.He said he would do anything for his country ! And he argued with his brother about being better then what he was acting selling the country and then Shawnee said â€Å"Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children? † The Red People wanted to take over they’re country and Shawnee’s brother seemed like he wanted to sell the country because he didn’t want to fight for his country. Then Shawnee brought up Jesus dying on The Cross for us.Then he told his brother â€Å"Everything I have told you is the truth. The Great Spirit has inspired me. † How the two are the same or compared†¦ They both had pride and sacrifice for the things they stood up for. They loved there country so much they would die for it. And in the two stories I found that they are very much alike because the. OLD WOMAN and Shawnee are a like they both fought for what the believed in and for there country. They both wanted freedom and they both inspired another person to fight in the war beside them.

A FIgg For The Oh Death Essay

Edward Taylor was a pastor, physician and an American poet. He lived between 1642 and 1729; a time of devastating living conditions. At this time America was still a colony of Britain a fact that increased human problems (Jerrett, 384). Edward, as everyone else, lived in terror of his life and home being in danger. Yet, during these terrifying moments, he drafted poetry one of them being _A fig for thee oh! Death._ Being a strong believer of Christian faith, Edward was determined to ascertain his belief of life after death. Just like most of his poem, â€Å"_A fig for thee oh! Death†_ aimed at criticizing death. The analysis in the succeeding sections focuses on the poem in details paying special attention to his description and attitude towards death. In addition, an analysis is provided concerning Edward’s central message, which was firmly founded in his unending faith in God. The poem’s title insinuates that the main idea was basically focused on the death phenomenon. However, perhaps it is possible to derive a different meaning from the manner Taylor addresses the subject matter. In the poem, he vows vehemently his lack of confrontation to save his life, his body, from cruelty of passing away, for God protect his soul (Jerrett, 386). Accordingly, it can be concluded that Edward attempted to prove that there was notable disparity between soul and body. At the same time, he also shows his attempt to reconcile the huge gap between body and soul. From the start of the poem, the poet creates two edges that form a man, the human Saul and body, â€Å"_Kernel†¦..nut_† (Taylor 306). Death is embodied as a ghastly monster that is a man-eater, characterized by terrible â€Å"_Ghastly eyes†¦.bare bones_.† Its attempt to destroy human body does not scare Taylor. He adds that the  soul is safeguarded by the Almighty God â€Å"_its heavenly Kernel’s box abides most safe.†(Taylor_ 306). It can be noted that the speaker is eager to abandon the body and that is why he compares it to the body of a temptress, a hedonist. Thus the central idea of the poem swings from contemplation of natural death, to the mortal body which is portrayed as a liability to the speaker (Jerrett, 389). Moreover, the narrator looks at death as a savior, a weapon strong enough to conquer the evil. Indeed, he considered death the wiles and temptations of the body. Therefore, he suggests that it the monster should be welcomed as destroyer of human body and not the soul. In fact, he is fully confident that the only thing that prevents him from going to heaven and from realizing grace is the fresh (Jerrett, 391). The poet is also confident that disposal of the fresh through death will mark the beginning of the judgment day, † _Till she hath slept out quite her fatal sleep. When the last cock shall crow the last day in†¦_† (Taylor 307). Thereafter, the destroyed, imprisoned and ultimately faulty body will accompany the soul to heaven. Death changes from being a monster to a necessary element crucial in attaining grace of God. However, later on perspective of the speaker changes where he admonish death for killing the fresh so slowly thereby keeping the narrator from ascending to heaven. He says â€Å"_is this the worst thy terror then canst. Why then should this grimace at me terrify?†_(Taylor 307) The poem helped Taylor to resolve the scuffle of the soul and the body. He manages to illustrate how the human body can offer numerous temptations and still allow a person to go to heaven. The main message that Edward is putting across is that there is life after death. Therefore he feels that people should not fear death because the savior (Jesus Christ) also died, resurrected and ascended to heaven. Works Cited Taylor, Edward. â€Å"A Fig for Thee, Oh! Death.† _The Norton Anthology of American Literature_. Gen. ed. Nina Baym. 8th ed. Vol. A. New York: Norton, 2012. 306-307. Print. _Jerrett, M. â€Å"American Literature to 1900.† Years’ Work English Studies, (1978), 57(1): 382-397_

The Angel of Death and the Sculptor Research Paper

The Angel of Death and the Sculptor - Research Paper Example Daniel Chester French was born in 1850 and died in 1913 and was recognized as one of the best American sculptors of his time. He was born in New Hampshire to a lawyer and US treasury secretary. His roots were quickly defined in American patriotism with his links and friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Alcott Family. After high school, French attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; however, he left quickly to help his father on the farm. He began painting after being influenced by art work from a visit to New York City and received his first commission for a statue known as â€Å"The Minute Man.† By 1913, French had received a Fellow at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was afterwards consistently recognized for his works. He was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society and was a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as other artistic groups. The works he is best known for is the â€Å"Abraham Lincoln† sculpture at the Lincoln Memorial, Pulitzer Prize medal, and â€Å"Statue of the Republic.† Most of French’s works are consistent with the Revolution of America as the main theme as well as the historical aspects of each design. The â€Å"Angel of Death and the Sculptor† is one of a few of the works which French did based on cemetery areas that were in use. The commission came from Boston sculptor Martin Milmore and was based on the memory of his brother, Joseph. The original statue was made in bronze and was caste in Massachusetts. However, it quickly gained wide recognition and was offered a space in the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The replica of the bronze was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1917 and was then re-carved in marble in 1926 to be placed at the memorial2. These concepts were used and recognized as a way of honoring the memorial that was built while basing the memorial around the honor of the Civil War and the independence of America. This was combined with the healing process that was used for the war and in response to the lives that were lost to gain freedom through the land3. The different techniques which were used at this time were a combination of subject matter with basic ideologies which

REAL ESTATE AND THE ECONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

REAL ESTATE AND THE ECONOMY - Essay Example The paper, however, discusses it in the U.S. context and explains that how it influence the economy. Real Estate and its Impact on U.S. Economy Real estate market’s strength or weakness has huge influences on U.S. economy. It was hard to admit that financial system was broken after the collapse of real estate bubble. Development in real estate is closely linked with the U.S. economy and its role cannot be ignored in our future progress (Babigian, 2011).U.S. real estate market is divided into commercial and residential real estate. Real estate constitutes several important aspects of economic activity. It has direct and indirect impact on the level and composition of real gross domestic product (GDP).In addition to new construction, real estate is a lasting asset which holds crucial balance sheet effects. For instance, lasting increase in household net worth that originates from rising real house prices suppose to trigger household spending on goods and services. There is a gen eral agreement on the effect of wealth on household behavior; however, its magnitude is somewhat less agreed upon (Missouri, 2007, p.1).According to Missouri (2007): Currently residential fixed investment comprises a little less than 5 percent of GDP. There are myriad of direct and indirect effects associated with real estate that spill over into the other aspects of economy, such as the demand for lumber, labor and other commodities used in the construction of structures or in remodeling activity.(p.1) There is fairly large nonresidential component in the U.S. real estate economy. Determinants of new construction in this sector are comparatively different because commercial or industrial structure is established asset and business will only invest in it if rate of return is at least comparable to its opportunity cost (Missouri, 2007, p.1).Real estate industry contributed over $1,472 billion to U.S. GDP in 2005 that amounts to 11.9 percent of total GDP. The value added from real est ate, leasing, and rental practices increased to over $1,731 billion (13.2 percent) of total GDP in 2006(Anari,2008,p.2).According to Anari (2008), â€Å"In 2006, Texas’ real estate industry was the second most important private industry after manufacturing. The industry’s contribution to the state’s GDP in 2005 was more than $79 billion†¦ [that amounts to] 8 percent of the Texas GDP† (p.2). Real GDP is the most extensive measure of goods and services produced in country in a particular time period. Among the major components of GDP, structure shared approximately 10 percent for last 25 years. In addition, other goods and services are associated with structure, such as furniture, utilities, and roads. Generally, residential expenditures are larger than that of nonresidential structures. In 2007, residential fixed investment constituted approximately 30 percent of the total private fixed investment while nonresidential structures constituted 20 percent . Residential fixed investment rise from 2000 to 2006 is considered to be quite unusual (Missouri, 2007, pp.2-5).In 2007, According to Missouri (2007): †¦ Construction spending has totaled a bit less than $1.2 trillion at a seasonally adjusted annual rate, with private construction outlays comprising a little more than three-quarters of the total and public construction outlays the remaining one quarter. (p.5) There has been a reasonable upward shift

Small business and risks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Small business and risks - Research Paper Example Like all other businesses, these entities are faced with a unique set of situations and circumstances. As such, such entities have to come up with unique and distinct solutions to their problems, issues and matters. North Boulder Cafà © is a small cafà © in the Boulder Colorado. The cafà © prepares hearty and delicious breakfasts and lunch and offers authentic homemade Mexican food. North Boulder Cafà © is known for providing old-fashioned comfort and its menu is traditional and well situated for the discerning customer in the region. The menu includes a specialized range of coffees, burgers and Mexican dishes that are prepared by qualified chefs with an in-depth level of experience. North Boulder Cafà © is a family owned entity that competes with the major giants in the breakfast and coffee industry including Starbucks and others. North Boulder Cafà © is classified as a small business. Due to that, it has major capital structure needs and other marketing concerns. This puts the business in a major risk. However, the firm managed to thrive through difficult times and periods. This includes the credit crunch and other circumstances and it seem to be doing fairly well. It controls a very strict niche and this niche remains faithful to the firm. The sales approach includes the use of local marketing channels and media. However, the threats posed by larger entities in the industry are serious. This puts the firm in a major risk of folding up. In spite of this, it is apparent that with the careful research into the business environment, identification of real risks and formulation of solutions, North Boulder Cafà © is likely to survive and beat all the competition it faces. The research will involve an empirical study of the elements and aspects of the business environment of North Boulder Cafà © to ascertain risks and

International business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International business management - Essay Example . For executives and entrepreneurs, the significance appears remarkably apparent: markets are rapidly being borderless; schemes that fail to recognize the integration of the global market place are shortsighted and misguided (Root, 1994, p. 27). Firms that maneuver in international marketplaces require to come up with the most critical resolutions while selecting the most appropriate method of entrance into a country. Arguably, Westhead et al (2002, p. 123) notes that organizations must decide on the most fitting entry strategy in order to optimize on resources. Globalization, as described by Wood and Robertson (2004, p. 143), facilitates and necessitates businesses to move to other international markets. However, before deciding on the entry mode, it is essential to understand the country’s economic, social and political institutions. ... 24-26). There exist diverse strategies of entry into an overseas market. Every strategy has its own disadvantages and advantages. Nonetheless, each company and organization selects a suitable mode of entry depending on the company background, temperament of the company, tactical aims over and above the resources available. In numerous instances, while deciding on the appropriate mode of entry a company experiences many problems and challenges such as environmental, safety, packaging, patents, labeling, copyrights and trademarks (Cateora & Graham, 2002, p. 124). This paper delineates the most appropriate foreign entry strategy for Coffee product. In addition, it attempts to clarify issues arising in the international market selection for the product. Entry Mode Root (1994) describes a market entry strategy as the planned method of delivering and distributing goods and services to a target market (p. 24). A market entry strategy maps out how an organization sells, delivers and distribu te its products in a foreign country. Westhead et al (2002, p. 65) notes that when an organization chooses to explore an international market, the selection of the most appropriate strategy is resolved by the company’s development stratagem. The chief objective of each firm is to institute itself in the international marketplace (Cateora & Graham, 2002, p. 134). For this reason, Westhead et al (2002, p. 145) notes that the procedure of deciding on the most appropriate entry mode necessitates instituting an effectual international promotion stratagem to point out the international chances, discover reserves and potentialities and make use of nucleus capabilities to adopt the international stratagems. The resolution on how to penetrate an overseas market has momentous effect on

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example Study the networked supply chain concept as implemented by Cisco. What are its strength and weaknesses? The California based network giant, Cisco Systems, Inc was founded in the 1984 by the scientist of Stanford University. The founder Len Bosack and Sandy Lerne along with Richard Troiano designed an operating system for routing data from one computer to another through the operating system called IOS (Internet Operating System) (Cisco-a). This successful venture of Cisco in the world of network made Cisco the giant for the next two decades. Headquartered at San Jose, California the company started operating through a customer support site in the year 1985. Then the company implemented the online service strategy through which the customers are able to download softwares and can update them instantly by downloading the updates from the site. With a massive increase in the number of calls in the support centre from 3000 calls in the year 1991 to 12,000 calls in the year 1992, the comp any successfully implemented their strategy and increased sale to great extent and dealt with large amount of transaction through customer support on its website. In the following year in 1993 Cisco implemented a new strategy to reach out to the global market and grabs the multinational customers through its new Internet based system for the customers. This Internet based support gave clients of Cisco the ability to post their queries in the portal which is directly reviewed by the company. With the success from the Customers Support Site the company launched Cisco Information Online service in the year 1994 for their customer. The customers are now able to view the products available from Cisco and also they can avail the technical support service and customer support from the online portal. In 1995 the company also added their products and services in the site to sell to their customers through application provided in the site which helped the customers to directly buy products or services from their website. The main concept behind this was to eliminating the ideas of paper work, fax, CD-ROM and various other materials for training directly to the web which can be accessed by the clients at any point of time from any parts of the world. This gave the company the opportunity to reduce cost from its employees, trade partners and reduce time for transaction and also increases the market reach at the same time. Farther in the year 1996 Cisco implemented the Networked Strategy for a more interactive approach towards the clients’ relationships. They implemented a new supply chain network which consists of Cisco employees, trade partners, manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors. The orders from the clients are stored in the databases which are accessible by all the members of the company and it is directly connected to the Enterprise Resource Planning system of the company for an easy handling of the stocks and the fast transaction for the customers. For an easy and on-time delivery system the company involved the third party logistics recourses into the system. The logistic providers access the order in the database via internet and can view the status of the order processing information. This direct fulfillment system increased the revenue of the company to a great extent and the company is able to save around $12 million annually with this new strategy implementation. For a more efficient testing process the company

Social Responsibility in Coffee Industry and High Street Retailing Essay

Social Responsibility in Coffee Industry and High Street Retailing - Essay Example In case of the international supply chain, a major problem emerges from the difference in religion. Another persistent problem is the infringement of intellectual property rights, especially when production is shifted from one location to another. It is often a matter of debate between the companies and middlemen regarding their fair share in the value creation process. Adhering to corporate social responsibilities poses to be a challenge in both these sectors and therein lay the main ethical problems (Schlegelmilch and Ãâ€"berseder, 2007). Even so, in the coffee manufacturing industry, problems pertaining to agriculture and distribution of end products are considered to be the main issues of supply chain management; whereas, in high-end retailing, the problems are mainly related to labor injustice and lack of adequate facilities. In comparison, ethical problems in coffee industry are lower in number since only the agricultural and distribution aspects are labor intensive. The more labor-intensive an industry is, the more are the issues relating to ethics, which is the case of retailing. However, most of these issues can be dealt with if interests of each group are well-managed. Case study and research play a significant role in this regard (Barrientos, 2012). The needs of interest groups and the way to deliver the same must be carefully thought upon and executed. Interest groups here refer to different parties involved in the business such as suppliers, logistics providers, and consumers. Consumers are often not satisfied with the increased use of biotechnology in coffee production, whereby fertilizers and high growth organic supplements are used to improve production. Studies reveal that they pose threats to the health. Under such a scenario, it is justified for consumers to be agitated. Therefore, it becomes a matter of consideration for producers to reduce the usage of chemicals in production as much as possible. Many companies have also chosen the path of outsourcing their production work to more than one nation. This lowers the labor pressure as well as generates employment opportunities in other nations. For instance, if companies decide to outsource garment production to not only Bangladesh but also to countries like Thailand and H ong Kong, it will reduce the high work pressure in Bangladesh (Isen, 2012).

How Can University Programme Be Changed To Address The Needs Of The In Essay

How Can University Programme Be Changed To Address The Needs Of The International Graduate Students - Essay Example These include role plays; problem-solving using case studies; and group discussion sessions during which NS students act as student-facilitators and both the NNES and NS students work together in to discuss broad intercultural themes such as ‘‘Gestures and Non-Verbal Communication† or more specific themes such as ‘‘Interacting with your Supervisor and Fellow Classmates.† Prior to enrollment into graduate programs, students should be encouraged to attend cultural orientation sessions and workshops which are aimed at making International students at ease with the new culture and introducing them to the different aspects of the multicultural environment, which demands effective communication with NNES and NES students and professors from a variety of linguistic. Such sessions also have the added advantage of providing the new students with an opportunity to mix with other international and host students and the faculty. Thus, in conclusion, language s kills pose a significant barrier for international NNES students in not only improving their academic performance but also in their social interaction and effective communication in all spheres of life. Above discussed are some of the several ways in which the existing curriculum can be modified in order to facilitate the acquisition of proper language skills amongst international students, the incorporation if which into University programs can aid the International students greatly in becoming acculturated into the new society.

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Research Methods - Essay Example Opposite relationships hold for net asset positions, which are denominated in an FC. As a result of the cash flow impact of transaction exposures and the requirements of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement no. 52, Foreign Currency Translation, to include foreign exchange transaction gains and losses in the determination of net income, most companies are hedging these exposures. In fact, a 1986 FASB research report, Foreign Exchange Risk Management under Statement 52, revealed that 84% of 162 company treasurers engaged in foreign trade regularly or selectively hedge foreign transaction exposures. The research of the problem of the foreign currency risk is important because the globalization of the world economy and the devaluation of the U.S. dollar have allowed more American companies to enter the export/import markets. Additionally, many managers who previously avoided these markets are finding that international transactions can make their companies more competitive in marketing products and procuring parts and/materials. As new companies are exposed to foreign exchange risk, managers will necessarily be concerned with the development of an effective hedging program. While the task of managing financial risks generally falls to the CFO or treasurer, it is often others in the accounting department who are asked to evaluate the bottom line impact of these risks. The proposed research paper will introduce several of the most widely practiced hedging policies and strategies that will add a new knowledge to the field of foreign exchange currency trading risk and management thr ough the research within a number of multinational companies that face the risk. Besides providing a real organizational case, the research focuses on the modern risk management strategies that include applying foreign exchange derivatives. Employing the sample of firms for the

Precautionary Measures for Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Precautionary Measures for Genetically Modified Foods Essay Genetically modified (GM) foods, a fairly recent development that came about from research in genetic engineering, pose a potential threat to human and environmental health. The basis of genetically modifying foods is the transferal of desirable genetic traits of plants to an agricultural crop. Genetic modification creates crops that are resistant to herbicides or can repel insects. Genetic modification also makes growing crops easier and allows for higher production rates. Anytime genetically altered crops are consumed by humans, the GM crops should be subjected to rigorous testing to assure that it is safe for human consumption and safe for the environment. When it comes to the environment and human safety, one cannot be too cautious. Some say that further safety testing of GM foods is not necessary because there is no evidence of GM foods being unsafe (Cockburn 2002). The truth is that the public does not yet trust that genetically modified foods are completely safe (Harlander 2002). The only way to convince the public that GM foods are safe and to create a market for GM foods is to perform further safety tests, such as a human study or controlled experiments. I propose that you fund this necessary and fundamental testing to ensure that GM foods are safe for the environment and for human consumption in order to help create a market for this life-improving product. Genetically modified crops were first commercially introduced in the United States in 1996; and by 2001 24% of the corn, 63% of the soybeans, and 64% of the cotton being grown in the U. S. were genetically modified varieties (Harlander 2002). Through genetic engineering, scientists have created varieties of crops that are insect-resistant, virus resistant, and herbicide tolerant. These qualities allow for improved yield and reduced use of potentially dangerous pesticides, as well as improved weed control reduced crop injury, reduction in foreign matter, reduced fuel use, and significant reduction in soil erosion. All of these consequences seem to be beneficial for the human race and the environment. It is important to prove to the public that GM foods are safe so that such a beneficial technology will not be under-utilized. In the United States, three government agencies are involved in the approval of genetically modified crops. These three agencies are the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Harlander 2002). These agencies are responsible for ensuring that the GM crops are safe for the environment and for human consumption. More specifically, the USDA ensures that the GM crops are safe to grow, the EPA makes sure that the GM crops are safe for the environment, and the FDA ensures that the products are safe to eat (Harlander 2002). The three agencies put the genetically modified crops through rigorous environmental and food safety assessments before they can be commercialized. However, Susan Harlander reminds the scientific community an effective food safety evaluation system minimizes risk, but it is important to remember that food is not inherently safe (2002). Tampering with the genetics of a crop increases the possibility of that crop being dangerous to the environment or to human health. Bettie Sue Masters, PhD, states, All evidence to date indicates that any breeding technique that alters a plant or animal, whether by genetic engineering or other methods, has the potential to create unintended changes in the quality or amounts of food components that could harm health (qtd. in Panasevich 2004). It is highly likely that this lack of inherent safety is a reason why the public is so cautious about the acceptance of GM foods. The key to diminishing the publics fear of GM foods is to extend the safety evaluation process. Consumers have two main concerns about genetically modified foods: first, that GM foods are unsafe to eat; and second, that their cultivation will harm the environment (Gasson 2001). Currently the most widely used safety evaluation process is called substantial equivalence. Michael Gasson and Derek Burke discuss substantial equivalence: Substantial equivalence recognizes the fact that conventional foods have been eaten by many people over a long period of time and have an established and accepted level of safety. Genetic modification involves the introduction of a limited amount of change and substantial equivalence uses a comparative approach to reveal both intended and unintended differences between a genetically modified (GM) food and its conventional counterpart. (Gasson 2002) If the genetically modified food is substantially equivalent to, or similar to, its conventional counterpart, then it is generally regarded as safe. Thus far substantial equivalence has been effective, but as genetically modified foods become more and more complex there is no guarantee that this method will continue its success. More in-depth testing is required to ensure the safety of future GM foods. Genetically modified crops should be tested on living subjects in addition to applying the substantial equivalence method. Animals or human volunteers are essential in proving the safety of the genetically modified crops already approved by the FDA, EPA, and USDA, in addition to the GM crops to be introduced in the future. The risk of harm to a living being would be low as the GM food would have already passed the substantial equivalence test before being consumed. Long term testing would be able to prove that there are no mal-effects resulting from the consumption of GM foods. While long term testing may seem unappealing, it is a small price to pay for improving the quality of life for a nation. The publics concern extends beyond the effects of GM crops after human consumption all the way to GM crops effects on the environment. Many environmentalists as well as non-affiliated persons think that genetically modified crops have a negative effect on the environment. Traits meant only for agricultural crops can be transferred to other plants through pollination; traits, like being herbicide tolerant or virus-resistant, which would diminish natural and artificial checks and balances on plants (Guebert 2004). The best way to ensure that the GM crops will not harm the environment is to perform experiments and further safety assessments. Convincing the public that genetically modified crops are safe for the environment is pivotal towards creating a market for GM foods and in turn improving quality of life. The testing and assessing of the safety of GM foods that I propose will be divided into two categories: the safety of genetically modified crops for the environment; and the safety of GM foods for human consumption. The testing of the safety of GM crops for the environment must be performed under controlled conditions. Our testing will take place in a greenhouse, where any negative effects will be contained and kept away from the environment. All genetically modified crops would be tested for two factors: whether or not the trait is likely to be passed on to other plants; and what nutrients in the soil the GM crop depletes and how fast it does so. These two factors are essential in proving the safety of genetically modified crops for the environment. If a GM crop passed traits, such as herbicide tolerance or virus-resistance, on to other plant species, it could potentially change the ability of that species to survive and thrive and wreak havoc on the delicate balance of the ecosystem. This risk of upsetting the ecosystem frightens would-be GM food consumers from supporting the industry. In order to test the ability of the genetically modified crop to pass on its genes to another species of plant, it would be planted for two growing seasons in the presence of varying plant species found around the agricultural United States. The soil will be tested for nutrients before and after each growing season in order to keep track of the nutrient depletion rate. Any genetically modified crop that depleted the soil of essential nutrients at an abnormally fast rate would be rejected. A genetically modified crops failure to pass any of the tests or assessments would not be approved, thereby leaving no reason for the public to fear for the safety of the environment on account of the GM foods on the market. To test the safety of GM foods for human consumption, a comparative study must be performed. In order for the study to be effective and result in usable data, several hundred human volunteers will need to participate. The volunteers will be divided into two groups. The first group will be asked to incorporate a specific genetically modified food into their everyday diet. The second group will be asked to incorporate the conventional counterpart of the same GM food into their diet. The study will last for 2 months with the participants receiving weekly physicals to check for any changes in health. A change in negative change in health in a number participant from group one, the group consuming a GM food, would indicate that the genetically modified food is playing a role in the deterioration. The GM food in question would then either be taken off of the market or subjected to further testing, depending on the extent of the data acquired from the study. With this study in place, consumers would feel much more comfortable purchasing, and creating a market for, genetically modified foods. By proving that genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption and for the environment, we are proving to the public that there is no cause for fear. In the absence of fear, consumers will no longer object to buying GM foods resulting in a market for genetically modified foods. The increase in demand for GM foods will result in more research and development and bring advances in GM technology. Genetically modified foods have the potential to improve the quality of life of people all over the world, and it would be a shame to let this technology go to waste. If you give us this grant, there will be numerous benefits that can come from our work. Please consider the well-being of the people that will be helped by our work while you are making your decision. Thank you. Works Cited Cockburn A. Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic, integrative approach. J Biotechnol. 2002; 98 (1): 79-106. Harlander SK. Safety assessments and public concern for genetically modified food products: the American view. Toxicol Pathol. 2002; 30 (1): 132-134. Gasson M, Burke D. Scientific perspectives on regulating the safety of genetically modified foods. Nat Rev Genet. 2001; 2 (3): 217-222. Guebert A, Cousins D. Welcome to the world of unintended consequences. Farmers Weekly 2004; 141 (9): 64. Panasevich CL. Risk assessment urged for genetically modified foods. Nations Health. 2004; 34 (7): 25.

Nutrition for Pregnant Women, Athletes and Children

Nutrition for Pregnant Women, Athletes and Children Introduction to Nutrition Genetically Modified Food Foods developed from organisms whose DNA is changed by applying methods of genetic engineering is known as Genetically Modified foods. Such techniques allow control over food’s generic structure and introduce new crop traits. Example There is several genetic modified food, some of them are given below: Pesticide resistant rape plants Golden rice Long-lasting tomatoes Soybeans Vaccination banana GM foods are derived from organisms whose DNA has been modified artificially, these crops are to improve yield by providing resistance to plant diseases. In future, genetically modified foods will alter the nutrient content of foods by reducing it allergic portion or improving the efficiency of food production systems. The main health concerns for new genetically engineered food revolve around being allergic or toxic through the engineered process. FDA reports that foods they have evaluated till now are not likely to cause an allergic or toxic reaction (McFadden, 2014). Nonetheless stomach sections presented reasonable erosive/necrotic lesions in seven female rats but no one in the panels but no histology was done as these were deliberated to be of no prominence. Even though in senior humans who used aspirin to prevent thrombosis, this can cause life-endangering hemorrhage (Kok, 2014). Benefits of GM food Some opportunities to use GM foods for good are: Better resistance against weeds, pest and other diseases; such as corn Corn is widely grown and an essential grain in the United States. Corn cannot be reproduced without human aid. The below table shows that what % of food is modified in UAE: Conclusion In order to decide regarding the use and regulation of these genetically modified plants, one must be well informed and aware of this new technology. Gestational and Maternal Nutrition Key dietary guidelines for a pregnant woman Eating a healthy diet during pregnancy is vital for both mother and baby. Nutritious diet can help you promote your babys growth and development. Grains Many whole-grain and enriched products contain carbohydrate, fiber and iron. Meat, poultry, fish, eggs and beans Protein is important for baby’s growth during second and third trimesters. Protein, B vitamins are present in foods of this group. Dairy products Dairy products are enriched with calcium. Calcium fortified soy milk helps to build baby bones. Recommended supplements used during pregnancy Supplement of folic acid is commonly recommended. Sources recommend 1200 mcg of folate (natural form) per day for maximum benefit. To meet nutritional needs, pregnant women are encouraged to consume a rich, along a daily vitamin and mineral supplement. Recommended food to eat Avocados, Mangoes, Broccoli, Carrots Spinach DHA eggs yogurt, Edamame beans Lentils, Oatmeal Nuts Foods to avoid In order to not get ill or harm baby’s health, there are some foods that should be avoided. Nutritional needs of breast feeding mothers Women are recommended to continue eating nutrition full diet similarly to how they were eating during their pregnancy. A breast-feeding woman requires 200 more calories than a pregnant woman provided that the calories come from nutritious foods. While breast-feeding two to three servings of protein must be taken each day. Good sources of protein include: Meat Poultry Seafood Tofu Dairy products Dried beans The foods that are avoided during pregnancy are also recommended to be avoided during breast feeding because it might cause an allergic reaction or harm to either mother or baby. Nutritional requirements of Athletes Key dietary guidelines for an athlete For an athlete there is an excessive and well balanced diet, which is full of nutrition. As an athlete it is necessary to maintain the proper diet , there must be have proper balance of nutrients, minerals, vitamins and well as calories to improve the performance. Supplements The supplements used by athlete are, BS-Vitamins, protein, omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil), vitamin D, magnesium, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Athletes requires more amount of nutrients they actually demand from their bodies than even almost equal fitness buffs in order to compensate with the help of nutrients, which can be obtained from foods or supplement, so that performance cab be remained for a long time. In order to achieve them maximum level of performance, there are some recommended food to gain maximum carbohydrate storage, it is suggested by the experts that they need to get around70% of its calories from carbohydrates, along with pasta, fruits, cereals, vegetables etc. Foods to avoid There are some foods which are recommended to avoid for athletes, these foods are avoidable to meet with the maximum level of great performance. The avoidable foods are including energy and protein bars, sports drink and as well as it is also needful to avoid Before running a long-drawn-out there are some recommended ways that must be done by an athlete? The foremost tips for them are: Dont carbo-overload A body can store sufficient amount of carbohydrates in order to keep them going for around 90 minutes approx., which it has to help to sweltering fat reserves for liveliness Make the use of plain and familiar foods To avoid from unwanted gas, diarrhea, inflating, it is necessary to take care from junk foods, avoid unused foods and also keep away from spicy foods as well. Supplements used by body builders There are some supplements used by an athlete. It is appropriate for working amazingly, but if diet is not proper then these supplements will not be very much effective. Those supplements are usually included, multi vitamins, glutamine, creatine, thermogenics, ZMA as well (Perret, 2014). Side effects of supplements As it is known that there are several supplements used by an athlete to improve the efficiency However, not all supplements are effective. Although there disadvantages are more as compared to their advantages. As time passes it weakens the body, in some cases it make the body addicted to these supplements. Nutrition for School-Age Children and Healthy Lunchboxes Key dietary The key dietary for school age children are usually including eat four to five times a day, as well as including snacks, which are healthy for children. Degree of development and frequently eat 4 to 5 times per day, as well as snacks which are full of nutrients. After coming back from schools it is good for them to take healthy snacks, because these snacks contribute more third of the total calorie for the day (Napier, 2014). Supplements recommended during childhood In case of required supplements for children, vitamins and minerals are significant elements of the total nutritional needs. The reason is that body is not able to produce more amount of vitamin, therefore some supplements are required to adequate the nutritional need in children. The included supplements are Vitamin A, B, C and D. As body need multiple vitamins, that why vitamins and minerals should be increased in an adequate amount. In certain, a good and increased quantity of protein, iron, calcium and as well as vitamins A and D is necessary. Recommended food As calcium is most significant in school age children, therefore it is recommended to increase the amount of calcium in their daily routine. They need calcium around 500 mg per day, and the best basis of this nutrient is cow’s milk. As well as meat, eggs, wheat is also recommended for them. Foods to avoid These are the following food, which are avoidable at school age of children, for example processed meats, sports drink, canned tomatoes, sugary cereals (Weichselbaum, 2014) Potential food allergens Along with a food allergy, the human body comes into some reaction process as though that specific food product is risky and unsafe. Due to which the immune system of body produces antibodies in order to fight with the food allergen, the constituent in the food that activates the antipathy. In the schools of UAE all types of processed food, as well as all categories of crisps, fries and chocolates are provided, although now it is going to be replaced by healthier selections such as vegetables and healthy fruits in the Northern Emirates state schools and in all Dubai. Ways to Make Food More Fun for children In order to attract children towards healthier foods, there are some interesting ways by which school age children can easily get interest, for example by changing the color of food into their favorite colors, because colorful foods naturally more attracting to children, like this we can maximize their interest, use fun names of their foods. To encourage the use of healthy food in children. Do some additional efforts, a child can detecthungerand fullness better, Formerly offering a subsequent facilitating or serving, test your child by making them await for a few minutes to observe if they are really still hungry. Healthy snacking vs. Junk food Junk foods usually have high ranks of calories from sugar or fat along with littleprotein,minerals and vitamins. Foods generally measured junk foods contain saltedsnack foods,candy, sweetdesserts, gum, sugarycarbonated beverages and fried fast food. Plain snacks similar plain cereals, vegetables and pasta are correspondingly slightly general. What effect does tobacco/sheesha have on our body and diet? Tobacco is a sort of plant that is usually grown in the southeastern of USA. North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia, are the manufacturers of tobacco (Khan, 2014). Tobacco smoke comprises a poisonous mixture of more than 7,000 toxic elements. In which 70 types of chemicals can cause cancer among the addicted users of smoking. Here are some of the chemicals. Formaldehyde Polonium 210 Vinyl chloride Benzene There are several side effects for long term smokers. Even though the risks regarding health are at high risks among heavy smokers, the usage of tobacco damages the lungs. Condensed lung function and a deteriorating of difficulties from asthma. All smokers are at further risk for: Coronary heart disease Peripheral vascular disease High cholesterol (LDL) Lung cancer Cancer of the mouth, throat and voice box Cancer of the pancreas Cancer of the kidney, and urinary bladder Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Influenza The common cold Peptic ulcers Although it is not well understood, that smoking can have direct effects on the daily dietary routine. Smoking is related with reduced nutrition intake and subordinate body weight. Nicotine accomplished whichever by means of smoking or by smokeless routes, is considered the main constituent of tobaccos. There are many negative effects of smoking on human bodies. Nicotine and the poisonous ingredients in cigarettes not solitary trough the body of vitamins and minerals, nevertheless they also chunk absorption of these vigorous nutrients. Of course tobacco is harmful for body. Percentage of tobacco use in UAE. Several efforts have been done by the government of UAE in order to control the excessive use of smoking in the Arab countries, different number of orders have been made to put health warning on the packets of tobacco and also decided to start some advertisement campaign with the help of TV and radio stations. After several researches it has been observed that the usage of tobacco is not useful for human being, as it damages the lungs, increases the respiratory problems like asthma. Therefore there should have something in order to ban the usage of these types of toxic elements as it is harmful and spoil the precious life of human being. Smoking is self-sufficiently related with reduced bone density of the hip, in body of younger and as well as older persons. What effect does caffeine have on our body and diet? Caffeine is formed by means of numerous plants as a self-protective mechanism, and the caffeine which is added to soda derives from unused produces of tea and coffee handling. Chemicals existent in caffeine arenitrogenousorganic compoundbelong to thealkaloidgroup, constituents that have noticeable physiological special effects. Sometimes caffeine is safe for alders, but on the other hand it has numerous side effects like it can cause insomnia, vomiting, headache, anxiety and agitation as well, caffeine can also increase heart rate and can disturb the respiration. Even amongst grown person, substantial caffeine usage can become the main reason of unkind side effects. And caffeine possibly will not be a respectable selection for people who are exceedingly delicate to its possessions. As soon as the caffeine enters the body it is previously being metabolized by means of the liver and fragmented into theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine. The caffeine metabolites are at that point clarified through the kidneys and after that they exit from the body with the urine. Caffeine also prevents the quantity of calcium that is engrossed over the gastric tract and exhausts the volume reserved by means of the bones. Caffeine constrains the receptors of vitamin D, which bound the quantity that will be fascinated (Bray, 2014). For the reason that vitamin D is significant in the absorption and as well as the usage of calcium in bone, further this can reduce bone inorganic density, consequential in an augmented danger for osteoporosis. Benefits of Caffeine Caffeine has several side effects like caffeine assorted along with carbsrefills muscle glycogen meditations sooner after isometrics. Therefore caffeine is healthier than sleep while you have to be alert during driving We can conclude that caffeine expended by means of ordinary sources is doubtless the preeminent meanwhile numerous of the healthiness welfares of caffeine are perhaps fundamentally because of the extraordinary antioxidant intensities originate by consistent coffee and tea. References Bray, G. A., Popkin, B. M. (2014). Dietary sugar and body weight: have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes? Health be damned! Pour on the sugar. Diabetes care, 37(4), 950-956. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/4/950.short Kok, E., Pedersen, J., Onori, R., Sowa, S., Schauzu, M., De Schrijver, A., Teeri, T. H. (2014). Plants with stacked genetically modified events: to assess or not to assess?.Trends in biotechnology. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779913002527 Khan, A., Laronde, D. M. (2014). Waterpipe smoking: A healthy alternative to cigarettes or a health hazard in disguise?. Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene, 48(1). http://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=trueprofile=ehostscope=siteauthtype=crawlerjrnl=1712171XAN=95297677h=AzEmhzHPPWlAbfHh5VIyex4T3aYkrBUhX7EKBVrG%2fjuVnCzgQBUsjvM9buJOhAmciOQm370ykgEXoHN%2fmdjNZQ%3d%3dcrl=c McFadden, B., Lusk, J. (2014). Cognitive Biases in the Assimilation of Scientific Information on Global Warming and Genetically Modified Food. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/162532/2/SAEA%202014.pdf Napier, C., Hlambelo, N. (2014). Contribution of school lunchboxes to the daily food intake of adolescent girls in Durban. South African Journal of Child Health, 8(2), 59-63. http://www.sajch.org.za/index.php/SAJCH/article/view/658 Perret, C., Shaw, G. (2014). 11 Use of Supplements in Athletes. Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes, 167. http://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=b3pcAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA167dq=Nutritional+requirements+of+Athletesots=rpDP8-Vuizsig=IQutYU1r5tOt80PT9__Ld41L7CE#v=onepageq=Nutritional%20requirements%20of%20Athletesf=false Weichselbaum, E., Buttriss, J. L. (2014). Diet, nutrition and schoolchildren: An update. Nutrition Bulletin. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nbu.12071/full

List of Fashion Designers and Brands

List of Fashion Designers and Brands Alexander McQueen Alexander McQueen has made his mark as one of the most respected designers in the world. The stamp of his creations lies in his integration of contrasting elements: fragility and strength, tradition and modernity, fluidity and severity. This love to create blends was extended to his perfume range as well. Angel Schlesser Spanish fashion designer Angel Schlesser has an extensive range in his brand which started with clothing for urban women and grew to carpet designs, perfumes, jewellery and even wine label designing. In the late 90s the brand launched its perfume and bath line for women which received instant approval in local and international market. Anna Sui International designer Anna Suis love for fashion started in early childhood. She designed her own clothes and clipped fashion magazine pages to serve as inspirations. In 1999, Sui launched her signature fragrance and cosmetic line. In October 1997, Anna Sui signed a fragrance licensing deal with Wella AG of Germany to develop a signature fragrance. Banana Republic Banana Republic is an American lifestyle brand. The brand is all about individualistic, classic style with a modern twist of unexpected details and surprising elements. Quality and authenticity stretches to every aspect of the brand, from its clothing to its perfume. Banana Republic fragrances are heavily influenced by the intrigue and mysticism of exploration and travel. Bench Bench, british urban lifestyle brand, originated in the 80s as a niche tee shirt brand creating pieces inspired by BMX biking and the world of skate boarding. The Bench fragrances look sleek and timeless but still encapsulate the urban spirit of the brand. Bench for Her and Bench for Him are the signature fragrances. Benetton Benetton is amongst the most popular brands in the world. It has a wide range to offer in terms of clothing, accessories and perfumes. Benetton has a casual feel about itself. On the same lines, its perfumes are soothing and smooth, making those best suited for everyday wear. Boucheron The group of Boucheron belongs to the Italian family of gold and silversmiths. Founded in 1858 by Andrea Boucheron, the famed jewelry company entered the world of perfume in 1988. With perfume, as with jewels, Boucheron reveals in bringing out hidden treasures of nature and highlight their unique elements to create masterpieces. Britney Spears Britney Jean Spears is a singer/actor born in 1981. She released her debut album titled Baby One More Time. Super success of the album made her a pop icon. She took forward her star status by endorsing her brand of perfumes. She launched her first perfume (Curious) in 2004 in alliance with Elizabeth Arden. Bugatti Bugatti means supremacy in terms of perfection, luxury and refinement. It is an Italian automobiles brand which stays true to its name. The brand thrilled its lovers by launching a range of mens perfumes along with the launch of Bugatti Veyron 16.4. The fragrance range offers unique but strong men perfumes in contemporary sculpted bottles. Bulgari The name Bulgari has been derived from the Italian bvlgari. For over a century, Bulgari has been the face of Italian style in jewelry. Bulgari has introduced many fascinating fragrances for both men women. Its fragrances carry its signature polish class. The aroma is the representation of the Brands style and charisma. Burberry In 1856 Thomas Burberry designed his first garments for the sportsmen of Basingstoke, England. Over a period of time, the brand has stayed true to its tradition of luxury. It extends this theme to Burberry fragrances that carry its classic and stylish British aura. The fragrance range is available for both men women. Cacharel The brand was started by Jean Bousquet as a fashion house and shot to fame after its creations found place on cover of Elle magazine. After launch of its mens, womens and childrens collections, Cacharel diversified activities and launched fragrances (with AnaÃÆ' ¯s AnaÃÆ' ¯s) and other product ranges including glasses and sunglasses, lingerie, stationary, swimwear, etc. Calvin Klein Calvin Klein Inc. is a fashion brand (better known as CK) founded in 1968 by Calvin Klein. Calvin Klein brings the brands style and spirit into each of its fragrances. The fragrance range consists of the sophisticated smooth names like Obsession, Eternity, Escape, and Contradiction along with the contemporary offerings like cK One and cK Be. Canali In 1934 brothers Giovanni and Giacomo Canali established an artisan workshop in Triuggio, Brianza, to produce high quality clothing. In the nineteen fifties the second generation of the family took over, consolidating its presence on the Italian market. Canali later introduced other fashion brands like Canali perfumes which have found a strong name for itself world over. Carolina Herrera American designer Carolina Herrera is a living example of the mantra its never too late. She launched her luxury clothing company when she was 40 years old, in 1980. Her brands first perfume was 212 launched in 1998. The collection has steadily grown with 212 men, Chic, 212 sexy, and 212 sexy Men. Caron Caron was founded in 1904 by Ernest Daltroff. The brand has a rich heritage in perfumery and is still considered a true fragrance house, a distinction very few companies hold.   Perfumes Caron has earned international recognition for its unique blends of pure essences encased in the most luxurious flacons. It offers perfumes for both men and women. Cartier Cartier is a French luxury jeweler and watch manufacturer. Prince of Wales honored Cartier with the title of Joaillier des Rois, Roi des Joailliers (Jeweller to Kings, King of Jewellers). Cartier is also a known name in fragrance industry. Originated in 1991, Cartier fragrances are made in association with perfumers Jean-Claude Ellena, Christine Nagel, Alberto Morillas, Mathilde Laurent etc. Carven Created in 1945, Carven fashion house has always promoted a democratic vision of fashion. Madame Carven was the first to offer accessible luxury and to capture the spirit of the moment through her simple and refined designs. Carven has large variety of perfumes. Carven fragrances are made in collaboration with perfumers Jean Carles and Edouard Hache. Cerruti The house of Cerruti was founded in 1881 by Antonio Cerruti. In 1999, Cerrutis flagship store was opened at Madison Avenue in New York. Cerruti offers a range of perfume lines sportswear. Cerruti launched its first perfume called 1881 and has since then made regular additions to the brand. Chevignon Founded in 1979, Chevignon targets urban men and offers a modern and relaxed lifestyle. Chevignons focus is always on integrating the latest fashion and trends with the values inherited from its past and prepare its new creation. The perfume range of the brand also stays true to the brands mantra and delivers latest yet authentic fragrances. Christian Audigier Christian Audigier is a French fashion designer and entrepreneur. He gained international fame for creating the Ed Hardy tattoo clothing apparel brand in the year 2004. Christian Audigier fragrances are made with perfumers Marrypierre Julien, Caroline Sabas, Olivier Gillotin etc. Designer, Christian Audigier launched 10 perfumes in the first two years. Clarins The brand was started by Courtin Clarins and initially focused on esthetic treatments. Over a period of time, the group added cosmetic and beauty products into its range. One of these product lines is fragrances which has become an important part of its portfolio. Clarins fragrances come in various ranges and styles and suit every age and emotion. Clean Aptly named, Clean, is a simple freshness fragrance making it unique in its own right. The brand was created by Randi Shinder. She created a fragrance that was reminiscent of pure soap, which replicated the feel of out of shower freshness. Soon the fragrance was a hit with the world. Cliff Richard Sir Cliff Richar is an English singer, musician, performer, actor, entrepreneur and philanthropist, who has sold over 260 million records worldwide. His brand name of perfumes is a huge hit amongst his fans, especially the ones that share names with his famous songs like devil woman. The fragrances are suited for every environment and every mood. Clinique Clinique was introduced as a dermatologists-developed cosmetics brand. It soon expanded into the complete cosmetic and fragrances brand. Clinique fragrances are made in association with perfumers Bernard Chant, Trudy Lauren etc. Clinique offers fragrances for both men and women. The most popular Clinique fragrance is Happy which carries a mix of floral citrus smell. Coty Coty, Inc. is the worlds largest fragrance company. It is known for its collaboration with celebrities like Victoria David Beckham, Beyonce Knowles, Celine Dion, Jennifer Lopez, Shania Twain etc. Coty has gifted the perfume industry with some of the most popular perfumes. Each celebrity perfume is created by keeping in mind their unique personality. Davidoff Davidoff is a Swiss luxury goods brand, which carries an interesting range of products with most popular products being perfumes and cigars cigarettes. Davidoff has wonderful and luxurious perfumes to offer via its perfumery suiting all occasions and both the sexes. Being a luxury brand, every perfume of this brand signifies royalty. Diesel Diesel was launched by Renzo Rosso in the year 1978. The product range under the brand includes denims, perfumes, casual apparel, eyewear, watches and jewelry. The perfume range of diesel is contemporary and strong. It is a more of a statement product than a pleasing fragrance. The range includes products for both sexes. Dior Christian Dior is known to offer some of the most revolutionary, trendy, and fashion defining products to the world. The brands products are not only influenced general public, but also attracted celebrities like actors supermodels. The brand has always given a touch of emotions in its perfumes and developed a number of soothing fragrances. Disney Disney scents have been created to let the world of animation hang out in the real world. With its large variety of perfumes Disney has a gift for lovers of all its characters. Like the cartoon characters of Walt Disney, these scent are fun and peppy, making them perfect everyday wear. Dolce Gabbana Dolce Gabbana is a luxury fashion house with Italian origins. It is better known by its DG logo. Along with clothing range, it offers perfumes, sunglasses etc. as well. The brand has many verities of fragrance under their belt to offer for both men women. The luxury feel of DG can be felt in its perfumes also. Donna Karen Donna Karan brand is named after the American fashion designer who created the Donna Karan New York and DKNY clothing labels. She expanded her brand by offering perfumes accessories. Donna Karan fragrances are made in association with Rodrigo Flores-Roux, Jean-Marc Chaillan, IFF, Maurice Roucel, Olivier Gillotin, Pierre Negrin, Calice Becker, Alberto Morillas, Harry Fremont etc. DSquared Dsquared is an up market fashion label created by identical twin brothers Dean and Dan Caten. Perfumes are major contributors to the product range of the brand. The perfumes bring about a luxury feel and are targeted primarily high society. The brands perfumes are popular amongst other designers as well. Elizabeth Arden In 1916, Elizabeth Arden launched her brand by opening her first salon on fashionable Fifth Avenue. Elizabeth Arden is a renowned designer in the perfume world, known for delivering consistent variety of exotic scents. The brand has been able to make its own group of loyalists. It has more than 30 perfumes to offer. Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor is known as one of the worlds most beautiful women and actors. She was the epitome of luxury and class. The same elements are carried forward to her perfumes. Her perfumes reflect her Egyptian predecessors interest in scents. A woman of no moderation, Elizabeth Taylor wants her perfumes to be like her beautiful and beloved. Emanuel Ungaro Named after the famous designer, brand Emanuel Ungaro has an existence in the perfume world since 1977 and has 23 perfumes to offer in its range. Emanuel Ungaro fragrances are made in association with perfumers Francoise Caron, Francis Kurkdjian, Olivier Polge, Domitille Michalon, Jacques Polge, Max Gavarry, Marc Chaillant, Loc Dong etc. Escada Escada is an international luxury fashion group in womens designer fashion. In thirty years, Escada has become a leading name in womens fashion, and is often worn to red carpet events by celebrities. The brands stand for premium materials, exclusivity, high-quality workmanship and wearing comfort as well as color and femininity. Estee Lauder Estee Lauder is a US based brand that has a large product basket which comprises of skin care, cosmetics, perfumes, and hair care products. The company has its headquarters in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The fragrances of this fashion house are famous and widely used all over the world. FCUK French Connection is a UK based retail group which started in the year 1972. It is popularly known as FCUK. The brand has its stores all over the world. With time, the brand added various accessories and perfumes to its range. FCUK connect is the most well known perfume offered by the brand. Giorgio Armani Giorgio Armani is one of the most famous names in the fashion industry. Since 1975, Armani has overseen the launch of Giorgio Armani Junior, Underwear, Swimwear, Accessories and Perfumes. Capitalizing on the cachet of his more exclusive label, he opened the first of a series of stores selling his cheaper diffusion lines Emporio Armani and Armani Jeans. Giorgio Beverly Hills The journey of Giorgio Beverly Hills began in1961. The brand carries a sense of luxury and style and boosts of designing for various celebrities. The brand has maintained a synergy between fashion and fragrance. Giorgio Beverly Hills fragrances are made in association with perfumers Alain Astori, Bob Aliano, Harry Fremont, Annick Menardo, Alberto Morillas, Francoise Caron etc. Givenchy Givenchy is a well known French brand of clothing, accessories, perfumes and cosmetic. In the year 1952 it was founded by the designer Hubert de Givenchy. John Galliano succeeded him as designer, but he was later replaced by Alexander McQueen. The brands perfumes bring out the class smoothness associated it. Gloria Vanderbilt Gloria Vanderbilt was an American actress and a noted socialite. Her brand logo of swan has a distinctive identification. The perfume range offered as a part of the brand has lighter notes and has a universal appeal. Gloria herself contributed to getting the right smell to the products and promoted them with keen interest. Gres Gres was a French fashion house launched in Paris in 1942. Although, Gres fashion house was shut down, but its perfume division still continuous to operate out of Switzerland. Gionres has 29 perfumes in perfume indutry. Gres fragrances are made in association with perfumers Max Gavarry, Domitille Michalon, Jean-Claude Delville, Jean-Pierre Bethouart, Michel Almairac, Pierre Bourdon etc. Gucci Gucci is an Italian fashion (especially leather goods) house. It later entered into perfume market as well. Guccis products are considered as a status symbol. It offers a varied perfume range for both men women. Some of the famous Gucci fragrances include Gucci by Gucci (for both men women), Flora (for women) etc. Guerlain In 1828, Pierre-Francoise-Pascal Guerlain opened the first Guerlain boutique in Paris. The brand is known for introducing beauty and luxury to fashion and fragrance. Jean-Paul Guerlain, the successor of Pierre-Francoise-Pascal, continues to carry forward the same innovativeness and passion in all Guerlain perfumes, cosmetic and fashion products along with blending modernity into them. Guess Guess is an Amreican fashion house which offers luxury clothing line. It also offers fashion accessories like perfumes, watches etc. Guess works in association with the designers such as Barbara Zoebelein, Maurice Roucel, Claudette Belnavis, and Steve Demercado etc. This fashion house has introduced many vivacious fragrances with its self titled Guess Perfume being the most popular product. Gwen Stefani Gwen as a brand stretches beyond fashion and perfumes. It is the representation of its creator. It works in association with designer Firmenich. The first fragrance, L.A.M.B. from this brand was launched in 2003 and tasted great success. Other popular Gwen Stefani perfume is the Harajuku Lovers Sunshine Cuties series. Hanae Mori Hanae Mori is one of the leading fashion designers in Japan. Functioning since 1951 it has grown to be a multimillion company in 1990s. This fashion house o haffers a wide range of fragrances suiting all occasions and ages. Although the brand has seen many product changes, it hasnt lost its signature style in fashion and perfumes. Hugo Boss Based in Germany, since 1923, Hugo Boss designs casual wear for men and women. The brand is also well known for its perfumery. Hugo boss is named after the founder and is a very famous fashion house, defining fashion statements for years now. Hugo Boss perfumes are liked by youth adults alike. Iceberg Iceberg is a famous sports fashion brand which started in Italy. The brand has expanded to additionally offer perfumes, watches, sunglasses etc. The earliest perfumes were introduced in 1989. Iceberg fragrances are made in association with the perfumers like Sophie Labbe, Quest, Christophe Raynaud, Nathalie, Gracia-Cetto etc. The fragrances of Iceberg sooths and suits every environment and occasion. Issey Miyake Issey Miyake is a Japanese fashion designer who was born on 22 April 1938. He is known for his technology-driven clothing designs and exhibitions. He has a great range to offer via his perfumery that matches his designing styles. The perfume by name of a scent is the most popular product offered by the brand. Jean Charles Brosseau Designer Jean Charles Brosseau started his label in 1955. He worked on the concept of ready to wear clothes. Soon his brand became one of the most loved ones. Later he had perfumes to his portfolio and kept them everyday use. Jean Charles Brosseau fragrances are made in association with perfumers Pierre Bourdon, Nathalie Lorson and Francoise Caron.   Jean Paul Gaultier Jean Paul Gaultier, born in 1952, is a famous French designer. Jean Paul Gaultier fragrances are made in association with perfumers Jacques Cavallier, Francis Kurkdjian and Aurelien Guichard. The first perfume of the Gaultier house was launched in 1993; it was the famous Jean Paul Gaultier EDP for women, whose name was subsequently changed to Classique.   Jennifer Lopez Jennifer Lopez is a famous celebrity singer actress. She is married to Spanish singer Mark Anthony. She has a range of perfume and clothing line to her credit. The fragrances from her label as made while keeping in minds Jennnifers personality.  Glow and Still are two of the latest fragrances from her label. Jesus del Pozo Jesus Del Pozo is a Spanish fashion designer. His designs were extremely popular in the 90s and continue to enthrall the global audiences. Jesus Del Pozo fragrances are made in association with perfumers Pierre Wargnye, Marie Salamagne, Olivier Cresp, Alberto Morillas, Max Gavarry, Christophe Raynaud, Christine Nagel, Francis Kurkdjian, Vioaline David and Christopher Sheldrake.   Jilsander Heidemarie Jiline Sander (popularly known as Jil Sander) born in 1943 is German fashion designer. Her signature style that she liked to call New look gained her a lots of attention in the industry and otherwise. Her fragrances are contemporary like her and grown in number and popularity over the years. Joop! Joop is a brand rooted in Berlin, Germany. It was started by Wolfgang Joop in 1981. A variety of faces and emotions are typical characteristic of this dynamic metropolis. Contrasts, sometimes contradictory, as if belonging to different worlds, yet forming a perfect synthesis, are Joops designs. The perfume range from the brand is as dynamic as its designs. Kenzo Kenzo Takada, the man behind the brand, was born in Hemeji Japan in 1939. He studied fashion in Europe. When he launched his own label, he created a unique mix of Japanese tradition and European style. The brand also has a wide range to offer in perfumes segment. His most popular fragrance is Flower. Kylie Minogue Kylie Minoque is an Australia based musical artist with universal appeal. Her sexy and vivacious personality, along with her songs, makes her a hot favorite especially amongst men. Kylies perfume label has a variety of perfumes to offer, with each one being a reference to her personality. Lacoste Lacoste is a French brand functioning since 1933. Lacoste is a multi product brand and deals in clothes, footwear, perfume, leather goods, watches and eyewear. The products from this fashion house symbolize the latest fashion trends. Lacoste perfumes are trendy and stylish. These perfumes are available for men as well as women. Lagerfeld Karl Lagerfeld is a German fashion designer. Besides, owning the Lagerfeld brand, hes also at helm with the Fendi and Chanel. Besides, fashion, Lagerfels brand also offers Perfumes and other accessories. This fashion house is associated with the perfumers Emilie (Bevierre) Coppermann, Mark Buxton, Olivier Cresp, Firmenich, Ron Winnegrade, Chiristine Nagel etc.   Lancaster Originating out of the country of Monaco, Lancaster is a famous cosmetics brand. The parent company behind the brand is Coty. It carries the complete range of cosmetic products. The brand is well known its perfumes range as well. Fragrances of Lancaster are made with the perfumers Emilie (Bevierre) Coppermann and Francis Kurkdjian.   Lanvin Lanvin is a well known high fashion house created by Jeanne Lanvin. The design house is known for ladies outfits and his modern approach to the fashion industry. The most significant move of the brand was when it launched its perfume range in 1924. The fragrance My sin is till date considered as one of the most unique fragrances. Liz Claiborne Liz Claiborne is a fashion company working since 1976. Situated in New York, Liz Claiborne is well known for is apparels. This company is also a reputed marketer of fragrances for women and men and offers various accessories as well. Liz Claiborne Inc.s brands include Axcess, Bora Bora, Candies, Claiborne etc. Lolita Lempicka Lolita Lempicka is a French fashion designer working with her own brand name Lolita Biz. The brand is well known for its suit designs. It has been manufacturing perfumes since the last two decades for men and women. Lolita Lempicka Forbidden Flower is one of the best selling perfumes from the brand. Mariah Carey Mariah Carey is a famous American singer and performer. She created her first fragrance M in 2007 in association with Elizabeth Arden. Working since 2007, in an association with perfumers like Olivier Gillotin, Carlos Benaim and Loc Dong she has contributed many successful fragrances to the global perfumery till date.   Mont Blanc Mont Blanc is a renowned luxury brand that offers writing instruments, perfumes, watches, jewelry etc. It is a true international brand which functions in more than 70 different countries all over the world. All Mont Blanc reflects the quality design, tradition and master craftsmanship.  Its perfume range is classy and elegant. Moschino Moschino was an italian french designer. He is most remembered for his unusual designs. He founded his own company Moonshadow in 1983 and only designed casualwear and jeans. However, he later started to make lingerie, eveningwear, shoes, menswear and perfumes.  The perfume range from Moschino carries his signature uniqueness and has found many loyalists over the period of time. Naomi Campbell Campbell was born in Streatham, London, England. She was the top British model and also starred in Michael Jacksons music videos. Since 1997, Campbell has been involved in charity work mainly focused on the children and people and also boycotted unethical treatment of animals.  Her perfume range is a part of her celebrity product linage. Nina Ricci Nina Ricci is popularly known as the Queen of fashion. Her fashion house was established in 1949 and created some globally popular clotheslines. The brands fragrances which were launched later became popular all over the world. Her most popular fragrance Nina is amongst the best selling fragrance of its time. Oscar De La Renta While living in Spain, Oscar de la Renta became interested in the world of design and began sketching for leading Spanish fashion houses. In 1963, Oscar de la Renta came to New York to design the couture collection for Elizabeth Arden and later started his fashion house and his own line of perfumes.   Paco Rabanne Paco Rabanne started his own fashion house in 1966 and became famous for using quite unconventional materials such as metal, paper and plastic for his unique and modern designs. He also worked with brands like Dior, Givenchy and Balenciaga. Paco Rabanne perfumes have gained a lot of popularity in recent past. Paloma Picasso Paloma Picasso was born in Paris on April 19, 1949. She started her career as a theatrical costumer and stylist for a Paris theatre production company. Later she added jewelery perfumes to her portfolio. She seeks to represent herself through her bold and dynamic designs, which makes her designs unique. Paris Hilton Paris Hilton is a singer / performer celebrity from USA. Her first perfume suitably called Paris Hilton is described by many fans as the best one of all of Paris Hilton perfumes. Jean-Claude Delville, Mane USA, Steve Demercado, Jean-Louis Grauby, James Krivda, Honorine Blanc and Steve De Mercado are the designers associated with her brand.   Prada Born nearly a century ago, The House of Prada is recognized worldwide for its simple and elegant creations. Prada with different brand names also deal in leather products and clothing. Prada is currently one of the most famous fashion house and big brand in fashion industry, having popular perfumes, clothing line and other accessories.   Prince Matchabelli Prince Georges V. Matchabelli, an amateur chemist, started the perfume brand of Prince Matchabelli. The first three perfumes were Princess Norina, Queen of Georgia and Ave Maria. It is not only famous for its fragrances but also for the designs of its bottles. Prince Matchabelli considered as the representative of perfumes of royal times. Quiksilver Quiksilver is a brand representative of the beach and the sport of surfing, its logo carries the concept of active sports and excellence. The brand offers a range of products like clothing, accessories and perfumes. Antoine Lie and Antoine Maisondieu are the perfumers who are in association with this brand. Ralph Lauren Ralph Lauren, the man behind the brand, was born in 1939 in New York. He is responsible for introduction of the concept of lifestyle living. This fashion house is a popular and mostly for its Polo Ralph Lauren clothing brand.  All his products, including perfumes, are a high end sophisticated ones. Revlon Revlon is a leading brand in cosmetics, skin care, fragrance and personal care and works with a vision to provide glamour, excitement and innovation through quality products at affordable prices. To do this effectively the company emphasizes on maintaining quality standards and following the right marketing strategies.  Perfumes range by Revlon is casual and everyday wear. Roberto Cavalli Roberto Cavalli is named amongst the most revolutionary designers. He caught everybodys attention with his animal print designs. His brand offers signature perfumes as well. Olivier Polge, Olivier Cresp, Jean-Charles Niel, Nathalie Lorson, Karine Dubreuil, Mathilde Bijaoui, Alberto Morillas, Maurice Roucel and Jacques Cavallier are the perfume designers associated with this fashion house.   Rochas Launched in the year 1925, Rochas fashion house is a symbol of elegance in the modern era. The perfumes from Rochas are seductive stylish. They combine modernity with tradition. The brand has grown famous day by day and its perfumes gained popularity largely because of its signature perfume Femme.   Sarah Jessica Parker Sarah Jessica Parker is a famous celebrity, most recognized for her roles in Sex and the city television show and movies. She is passionate about her brand of perfumes and makes her contributions to all the fragrances. Some of her brands fragrances include Dawn, Endless, Twilight, Lovely etc.   Sean John Sean John label is jointly owned by Sean Combs and Ron Burkle. The brand is primarily into sales of clothing and perfumes. R a period of time, the brand has gained enormous success and critical acclaim and has promptly drafted a journey from an urban label to an international brand. Sergio Tacchini Sergio Tacchini, born in 1938, is an Italian fashion designer. He is basically a sports designer and has had sponsorship association with leading tennis players of 70s and 80s. His perfume range is also sporty and youthful. The perfumer which is associated with Sergio Tacchini fragrances is Karine Dubreuil.   Stella McCartney Stella McCartney comes from a musical royalty, but she has made her mark as a successful designer. The brand portfolio includes luxury ready-to-wear, shoes, bags, fragrances, eyewear, accessories, organic skin care range and performance range with Adidas. The nose which worked on Stella McCartney fragrances is Jacques Cavallier.   Ted Lapidus Edmond Lapidus was born in Patris, France in 1929, he designed a pleasant neckline and tiered skirt and it gave him instant popularity all over the world. Following the success of its clotheslines, the brand introduced perfumes and accessories. These new additions also got the expected success amongst the brand loyalists around the world. Thierry Mugler Thiery Mugler is a fashion designer, photographer and creator of a fashion house named after him. He designed clothes which were ready to wear spreading the Italian fashion all over the world. His perfume line is also a successful product in his portfolio. His perfumes are regarded as a status symbol.   Tommy Hilfiger Tommy Hilfiger is a well known brand in fashion industry for its unique and fresh approach. This fashion house has a signature style which it maintains all across, be it cardigans, T shirts, underwear or perfumes. It is known for offering perfume line which is for young and trendy with a touch of elegance.    Tous Tous, originally from Spain, started out as jewelry and fashion designing company. It later gre