Communication and Crisis Essay

My name is Rosa Singleton. I am the director of the Emergency Management Office in the area of Ohio. Today we have received official reports that the public water supplies for the city of Canton and other nearby cities have become contaminated with a life-threatening biological agent. It is the duty of my staff to implement contingency plans and address them within the organization, and with the public in a way that will not create panic amongst the citizens of Canton and the surrounding cities. The individuals or groups that will be communicating inside and outside the organization during this crisis situation When a crisis situation occurs, there has to be a quick response for collecting information concerning the situation. The individuals that will be communicating during this crisis on the inside of this organization are myself, the senior manager of the regional Emergency Management Office, the communications coordinator, and the command coordinator along with the help of outside agencies such as: The State Department of Health, the Red Cross agency, and the media spokesperson (Hicks, 2012). Potential advantages and challenges associated with communicating within the organization and with the public and private sectors during this crisis situation When an event like water contamination occurs, it gives an opportunity for emergency teams to work with diverse communities to effectively relay the importance of health communication, and it causes the citizens of those communities to be dependent upon the emergency teams to bring them to a safe place from the crisis. Sometimes a crisis can have good outcomes, and sometimes the outcomes are not as favorable. The advantages that we’re hoping for while communicating with the associations and the public are, that everyone involved receives the correct public health information messages, and that they knew before hand their needs, and have familiarized themselves with other vulnerable communities close to them at the time they realized the water was contaminated. We never hope for negative outcomes, so hopefully being aware of these situations will help in knowing the drawbacks of developing and relaying clear and effective messages in these types of crisis (Nsiah-Kumi, 2008). Differences in communication processes used in crisis situations, including what you learned from the situations in the scenario and how you might incorporate that knowledge to improve health care communication strategies A crisis team must monitor health status to identify community health problems-the detection of any harmful or unfavorable health events is important, and has to be done quickly to ensure a speedy response to biological attacks, with medications and vaccines provided. An engagement of diagnosis and investigation of health problems and hazards in the community-identifying and diagnosing potential bioterrorism agents is very important; it ensures that prevention and treatment measures can be quickly implemented. The crisis team will also inform, educate, and empower people about health issues-in a crisis, such as this bioterrorist event, this information needs to be shared as quickly as possible with law enforcement agencies and all other groups responsible for protecting the public. Mobilizing the community partnerships to identify and solve health problems will take place-the local public health agencies will have to get together with all other organizations, including those not really considered part of the public health system to provide epidemiologic investigation and medical treatment to those who need it, and help prevent the spread of disease. They also must develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts-the local public health agency preparedness plans should include careful, thought out reviews of local, state and federal policies that will help in its responses to any health emergency for the public. They will enforce laws and regulations to protect health and ensure safety-a very important part of preparedness planning involves making sure that the local, state, and federal laws and regulations involving public health emergencies are updated. Fraser and Fisher (2001) said that some of the laws are outdated because they haven’t been changed to show the same existence in public health practice. The residents will be linked to needed personal health services and be given the health care that is provided for them that is normally not provided any other time-so; it is the duty of the crisis team to make sure that all members of a community can have access to healthcare services if they need it. The crisis team will assure the public of a competent public health and personal health care workforce-in order for a crisis team to be effective in their response to a bioterrorism event, everyone involved in the local public health system must be competent personnel who have had training in emergency preparedness and response procedures. Effectiveness, accessibility, and quality will be evaluated of all personal and population-base health services-there are many local public health agencies that have, and are now taking tabletop simulations and field exercises to help keep their response capacity intact, and to help identify their needs for how they need to improve. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems are being done on a continuous basis-there are so many important ways that a team can respond to bioterrorism; it can be done through research on local public health preparedness activities (Fraser & Fisher, 2001). Appropriate technology, such as social media, affecting communication during the crisis situation and how these technologies may be used to enhance communication Getting a staff together to bring in useful information to plan for the release of the information to the news media is a great way to enhance communication to the public. The media will then get the information out to the public by ways of News releases, web sites, news conferences, newspapers and other social media (Hicks, 2012). The advantages of using these types of media are they quickly allows for the public to know what type of crisis has happened, and what kinds of precautions are being taken to ensure their safety. If there were to be any fatalities caused by the crisis event(s), these types of avenues also will give information on that. Some disadvantages can be unreliable technology of the citizens that will not allow for them to get access to the information that is being released by the media, such as no television, computer is not working properly, or they don’t received the local newspaper to be able to read it, etc. How technology might be used differently now than it was during the crisis situations described in the scenario Back in 1979, when a crisis occurred, it was released in the media, but the technology was not as great then as it is today. In 1979, there were no reliable social media besides the television or radio. If there was internet, it was not as reliable for getting information out to the public back then as it is today. There were no cell phones to quickly communicate back and forth when a person was on the go. In 2005, there was newer technology such as the internet, cell phones, and doplar radar systems to help with bad weather forecasts, which was needed in the case of Hurricane Katrina that left New Orleans in such shambles. Technology in 2005 was efficient, but has been upgrade to be even more efficient since then. We now have newer and more efficient technology today that can be used for â€Å" the ability to quickly gain awareness of the nature and scope of the crisis; the ability to quickly gather the information necessary to respond to the crisis; the ability to quickly deliver relevant information to all agency staff members; the ability to quickly deliver relevant information to the general public, the media, and other agencies—despite limited contact center resources; the ability to quickly ascertain whether recipients are finding information useful; and the ability to quickly respond to any ongoing changes in the crisis over time† (Customer Relationship Management and Crisis Management, 2012, p. 3, para. 5). Media opportunities during this management crisis Local environmental health agencies, Local news media, local Emergency Management Officials, Fire, Police, and EMS, Hospitals and Health Plans, Infectious disease physicians, Poison Control Centers along with other local agencies are some of the many media avenues that have been recruited to manage this crisis situation. Other media opportunities will involve the media at the state level as well, such as the State Public Health Department, State Emergency Management Officials, The American Red Cross, etc., and other volunteer groups. Federal media opportunities are also involved; they go as follows: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Emergency Preparedness, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Justice, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency along with others (Fraser & Fisher, 2001). Crisis situations happen all the time, at any given time. No one knows when a crisis may occur. It is always a good idea to be prepared for a crisis just in case one happens. If anyone is affiliated with a company that does not have plans, or engage in any drill exercises for crisis situations, my staff and I are encouraging those companies to do so, and put some plans in effect right now. The employees will be glad those steps were taken for the sake of the public, as well as for the company. My staff and I, here in Ohio’s Emergency Management Office, will always make sure that the technology and plans that we have on hand will allow us to always be able to quickly respond to any crisis situation. Today, we had a life-threatening biological agent that contaminated the waters in Canton and surrounding cities. With the help of other public officials, the crisis team did a wonderful job of implementing a successful plan to aid the public at hand without panic, and was able to successfully assure their safety. References Fraser, M. R., & Fisher, V. S. (2001, January). Elements of effective bioterrorism preparedness: A planning primer for local public health agencies. National Association of County and City Health Officials. Retrieved from http://bioterrorism.slu.edu/bt/key_ref/NACCHO/effective.pdf Hicks, N. J. (2012). Health Industry Communication: New Media, New Methods, New Message. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. n.d., (2012, March). Customer Relationship Management and Crisis Management: Proven Emergency Response Strategies for the Public Sector. Oracle. Retrieved from http://www.oracle.com/us/products/applications/crm-and-crisis-management-wp-1560491.pdf Nsiah-Kumi, P. A. (2008). Communicating effectively with vulnerable populations during water contamination events. Journal Of Water & Health, 663-75. doi:10.2166/wh.2008.041

Carl Jung’s Theory concerning Personality Types Essay

This essay will give an introduction to Carl Jung and what started his research, the essay will discuss Carls Jung’s personality types and their characteristics and will also discuss the Myers Briggs type indicator. The essay will also discuss falsification of type as well as what Carl Jung believed to be the cure for falsification of type. Criticisms of personality type and MBTI will also be discussed and in conclusion this essay will discuss how we can use personality types and MBTI within our own work. Carl Jung & The Beginning of Personality Theory Carl Gustav Jung was born in Switzerland in 1875. His first choice of study was archaeology but he went to study medicine at the University of Basil and while working for the neurologist Krafft Ebing he settled on psychiatry. After graduating he took a position at the Burghoeltzli Mental Hospital, he also taught classes at the university in Zurich, had a private practice and invented word association. In 1907 Carl Jung met Freud in Vienna where the two are meant to have spent thirteen hours talking their friendship started off strong with Jung championing many Freudian ideas but over time their friendship began to deteriorate. Jung felt that Freud focused too much on sexuality and that Freud’s concept of the unconscious was too limited and negative. The official break up happened when Jung resigned from the international psychoanalytic congress. Then in 1913 Carl Jung had a dream, he dreamt that there was a monstrous flood engulfing Europe and lapping at the mountains of Switz erland. He saw thousands of people drowning and civilization crumbling. In the following weeks he continued to have disturbing dreams in which he dreamt of eternal winters and rivers of blood. Carl Jung thought he was becoming psychotic but on the 1st August WWI began and Jung felt there had been a connection between himself and the rest of humanity, thus began Jung’s painful journey of self-exploration which formed the basis for his theory’s. Personality Theory Attitudes & Functions Carl Jung determined that people act and react to stimulus and situations differently. He classified people into two different groups, depending on  how they behaved. Jung called these two different groups attitudes and classified people as either extraverts or introverts; Extraverts – People who are extraverts are better able to deal with external stimulus such as people and objects. They search for things outside themselves to help fulfil them Introverts – People who are introverts are better able to deal with internal stimulus and look inside themselves for fulfilment. In addition to the two attitudes Jung further classified people into four functions types Sensory and Intuitive which refers to our preferred way of collecting information and Thinking and feeling which refers to the way we make decisions. Sensory – People who are more sensory tend to like specific answers and deal in facts and figures Intuitive – People who are more intuitive tend to p refer to gather information through ideas and theories. Thinking – People who are thinkers tend to prefer to make decisions based on scientific fact and concrete truths. Feeling – People who make decisions on their feelings, trust in their emotions and sensitivities. The four functions and two attitudes made up Carl Jung’s original personality types it was later expanded on and two more functions where added which deal with the way people live their lives these are judgers and perceivers ; Judges – Prefer to live in an orderly way and prefer structure and organisation. Perceivers – Prefer to live more spontaneously and are more adaptive. The theory was then used by Katharine Cook Brigg and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers who after studying Carl Jung’s work extensively turned the theory of psychological types to a practical use. They created the Myer Briggs indicator believing that knowledge of personality types would help woman during WWII who were entering the work place for the first time by identifying which jobs would be more comfortable and effective for them. MBTI focuses on a normal population and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences. The two attitudes and six functions types make up for sixteen different combinations which provides detailed characteristics and help us determine which of the types we belong to , each of us has a dominate function with the other three being less dominate. The combinations and some of the characteristics are as follows. ISTJ People who fit in this category tend to be quiet, serious and earn success by  thoroughness and dependability. They value traditions and loyalty. ISFJ People who fit in this category tend to be quiet, friendly, responsible, and conscientious. They strive to create an orderly and harmonious environment at work and at home. INFJ People who fit in this category tend to seek meaning and connection in ideas, relationships, and material possessions. They want to understand what motivates people and are insightful about others. INTJ People who fit in this category tend to have original minds and great drive for implementing their ideas and achieving their goals. They can be sceptical and independent. ISTP People who fit in this category tend to be tolerant and flexible they are quiet observers until a problem appears, then act quickly to find workable solutions to the problems that may arise. ISFP People who fit in this category tend to be quiet, friendly and sensitive. They like to have their own space and to work within their own time frame. INFP People who fit in this category tend to be idealistic and are loyal to their values and to people who are important to them. INTP People who fit in this category tend to seek to develop logical explanations for everything that interests them. Theoretical and abstract, they are interested more in ideas than in social interaction. ESTP People who fit in this category tend to be flexible and tolerant; they take a pragmatic approach and are focused on immediate results. ESFP People who fit in this category tend to be outgoing, friendly, and accepting. They are lovers of life, people, and material comforts. ENFP People who fit in this category tend to be enthusiastic and imaginative. They are spontaneous and flexible and often rely on their ability to improvise and or their language skills. ENTP People who fit in this category tend to be quick, clever and outspoken. They are good at reading other people and can easily become bored by routine. ESTJ People who fit in this category tend to be practical and realistic. They act decisively and move quickly to implement decisions. ESFJ People who fit in this category tend to be warm hearted. They want harmony in their environment and work hard to establish and maintain it. ENFJ People who fit in this category tend to be warm, empathetic and responsible. They are highly attuned to the emotions and needs of others. ENTJ People who fit in this category tend to be blunt and decisive they assume leadership readily. They are usually well informed and well read. â€Å"Jung noted that it is not possible to use the attitudes of Extraversion and Introversion and the Judging and Perceiving functions independently of each other. People who prefer Extraversion will most likely focus their Perception and Judgment in the outer world while people preferring the Introverted attitude, when circumstances permit, will concentrate Perception and Judgment on ideas.† Falsification of Type In our lives we are not always able to work or live in a way that appeals to our strengths. This can happen for a variety of reasons either we are brought up in environments that are unsuitable to our personality types and we adapt to suit the situation or we may be financially unable to follow a career path that would be best suited to our personality type. A person may also be unaware of their strengths and may just have a feeling that they are not living the life they were meant to. Carl Jung believed that if we do not live or work in a way that best suites our personality type then we could develop a falsification of type. This occurs when we are forced to use our less predominate functions for long periods of time. Carl Jung believed that falsification of type could lead to many psychological problems. Carl Jung described Falsification of Type as â€Å"a violation of the natural disposition,† and explained that whenever Falsification of Type takes place a person first becomes anxious and irritable and then if the condition continues a person becomes neurotic. Jung strongly believed that if there was a reversal of type it could be very harmful to the physiological  well-being of a person and could often lead to an acute state of exhaustion. Research has been done which supports Jung’s theory and according to the research of Dr. Richard Haier of San Diego, when an individual is functioning from a style other than their natural lead style, the brain is forced to expend large amounts of energy trying to maintain the unnatural functions. The result is that the brain and brain-body system experience stress, chronic anxiety and exhaustion. Dr. Arlene Taylor worked with people suffering with PTSD and depression over an 11 year period and found that people living in a state of prolonged adaption appeared to display specific symptoms. There are eight commonly seen symptoms in people who appear to be suffering with a falsification of type theses are; 1) Fatigue – Prolonged adaption can require the brain to work up to 100 times harder. 2) Hyper vigilance – Prolonged adaption can create a state of hyper-vigilance as the brain goes on protective alertness. This is a safety mechanism and can show up in a variety of different ways 3) Immune System alteration – Falsifying Type can be thought of as the individual living a lie at some level. Lying can suppress immune system 4) Memory impairment – Cortisol, which is released under stress, can interfere with memory functions. 5) Altered brain chemistry – Prolonged adaption can interfere with hypothalamus and pituitary functions, which can interfere with hormonal balance. 6) Diminished frontal lobe functions – Prolonged adaption is a significant stressor, which can interfere with functions typically associated with the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. 7) Discouragement, fatigue and or depression – Prolonged adaption can lead to the repeated triggering of the conserve/withdraw reaction to stress. This can be especially true for introverted people although it is commonly observed in extroverted types who have been conditioned to introversion. This is far more common than most people (even researchers) believe. Discouragement tends to increase as fatigue increases, which often contributes to the development of depression 8) Self-esteem problems – .Any or all of the other symptoms can be contributed to diminished overall success in life, which directly affect self-esteem. Self-esteem issues can present as lack of confidence or lack of commitment to improving one’s outcomes Jung believed that the only way to cure falsification of type is to develop the functions and attitudes that people are naturally disposed towards. This is a long process where the sufferer will have to first identify their natural leanings and then work towards changing things within their lives so that their work, family and social lives’ are in balance with their natural strengths and attitudes. Criticisms of Personality Types & MBTI One of the main criticisms of personality types and the resulting MBTI is that it because it deals with the mind which is abstract it cannot be scientifically proven and that some of the personality types could be made to fit anyone as the use of the language and terms can be ambiguous. The MBTI also relies on a person answering questions about themselves and people may not be completely honest when answering those questions either because they are unaware of how they would react within a situation or that their perception of themselves is distorted. The way in which the questions are asked is also not specific so people may not know if the question is referring to the way they would react at work or the way they would react at home with friends and family. The MBTI also fails the double blind test in which participants do a test but are given a test done by someone else and asked if it fits them. Most of the participants find a way to make the results fit. One of the other arguments is that while it can be very useful in self-understanding it can also be used either intentionally or unintentionally to pigeonhole people. People are complex and fitting everyone into just sixteen different categories can limit peoples understanding of each other and themselves. It also could be used as an excuse for bad or inefficient behaviour. Conclusion Personality Types and the MBTI is still widely used today, the MBTI is used in company’s both big and small to understand and motivate staff and as a tool for management training. Personality Types and MBTI are also still used by therapist’s to understand their clients, as well as giving the therapist an idea of which therapeutic tools are best suited for each individual client. It can be used either by allowing the client to do a MBTI test that the therapist has acquired from a reputable source (not just a downloaded from the internet) or the therapist can lead a client through a process which will enable the therapist to discern which characteristics the client may lean towards. It is worth saying that an inexperienced therapist may face problems in trying to discern a client’s personality leanings without using a test or formal questions as it takes training and experience to be able to read a client effectively. Despite its critics personality types can be used as one of the tools a therapist can utilise to assist them in the treatment of clients as long as the therapist is aware of the potential problems with using the personality type or a MBTI test , such as pigeonholing a client into a specific category or allowing the client to use their personality type as an excuse or a crutch. Using the theory in balance with other treatments and being aware of some of the problems that may arise from using the personality types or a MBTI test can allow the therapist to approach the treatment of a client in a well-rounded and balanced way that is both beneficial and productive. References http://mbtitoday.org/carl-jung-psychological-type/ Author & publish date unknown MBTI type today http://www.cognitiveprocesses.com/ Linda V. Berens and Dario Nardi, Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/jung.html C. George Boeree Copyright 1997, 2006 http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/the-16-mbti-types.asp Isabel Briggs Myers, Gifts Differing https://coremap.com/index.php/books-and-articles/38-personality/124-falsification-of-type.html Written by Sherry Buffington Monday, 14 May 2012 10:28 Jessica Phillips HUDDE2A 13 Jackie Bock Carl Jung Personality Types & MBTI

Explore The Character and symbolic significance of Simon Essay

After the end of the Second World War, novelists had fighting time writing on events that had just happened. It made a lot of writers think deeply about mankind and themselves. One of these writers was William Golding who Lieutenant in command of a rocket ship; his first novel was an allegory called â€Å"Lord Of The Flies† published in 1954 it asks the question is humanity all evil/self-destructive. Through out the book mankind is portrayed in a very pessimistic way. The characters in the novel reflect a particular part of humanity Jack reflects dictatorship and he creates a division between the group of children, very cleverly he becomes the leader of a ‘tribe’ of animalistic savages that remind the reader of early man in its time. The ‘Littleuns’ symbolises the vulnerable in society, Simon, on the other hand, is their ‘saviour’ he picks the ‘Littleuns’ fruit from the trees, which they cannot reach. He represents the spiritual aspect of humanity. Simon as a character is a caring and compassionate child who has not a bad intention in his mind. He is not govern by the negative human traits that influence our day to day reactions; human traits such as aggression or hate red even to the children that treat him badly, he treats all the children equal and helps them when ever it is need. An example is when he helps the ‘littleuns’, ‘Simon found for them the fruit they could not reach,†¦, passed them back down to the endless, outstretched hands’. Simon or though his caring and compassion, he is quiet inarticulate, this is his only weakness, he finds it extremely difficult to communicate with the other children, this has an extremely bad effect on his ability to change the events on the island. Although his wisdom he never mangers to show the others how he could change the mistakes they make. He is physically weak and doesn’t really take part in the greatly physical activities. At the beginning of the novel, as they all meet at the platform, you find out that he has fits, so he is epileptic or has a disability similar to that. He sometimes tries to interact with the other children but he feels the pressured of personality, on his views on the island and the beast, an example is when he says the wrong thing. â€Å"What’s the dirtiest thing there is?† â€Å"Simon. He helps†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"Simon’s always about† This quotation describes how Simon lives in peace with the island and all the children on it. Simon is the only one with unreal view and the beast he is genuinely different to all the others. But he still mangers to live in peace with everyone, even ‘Jack’ he mangers to get on with, there not friends as such, but the don’t really bother each other. Does with show that the other children can see that’s he is different and is some who respected because of this? Or though Simon does live in peace with all the others he is still treated and considered as an outsider by them all this is one of the unfortunate affects of being different, no matter how wise or intuitive you are. This is so easily sensed in the quote, when jack and Ralph go to find Simon. † He’s queer. He funny† They don’t not like him they just realise that Simon is total Different to them selves. The one thing about how the children see Simon is that it changes though the novel and by the end, most of the children, not all of them but a proportion of them, respect him and are quite fond of him. Simon, you can tell is instantly different to the rest of the boys, his absolutely wise view on the beast and island. But William Golding in this novel made him more than just a mere boy he represent intuitive thought, this is to say that he get his knowledge from nowhere really he just know it’s, When he is talking about the beast existents â€Å"What I mean†¦.maybe its only us† No child really think that way, William Golding is making it so that he symbolises Intuitive thought but it doesn’t end there. At one time as he goes to prove the beasts inexistent, it reach’s it climax when he meets an ‘the lord of the flies†, he has an encounter with the pigs head on a stick, the creature is crawling with flies hence calling it ‘the lord of the flies’. â€Å"Fancy thinking the beast was something you could hunt and kill!†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"You knew, didn’t you? I’m a part of you?†

Climate effects from historical volcanic eruptions Research Paper

Climate effects from historical volcanic eruptions - Research Paper Example The change in climatic conditions as observed by the scientist was as a result of volcanic activity. The paper will explain the various climatic effects that resulted from volcanic eruption in the past1. The change was linked to the eruption of the Laki fissure system. Laki fissure system was a chain of volcanic activities that results to the movement of lava through several cracks in the ground rather than from a single point. The eruption happened in Iceland. The Laki eruptions took place in more than 8 months and produced about 14 km3 of basalt that was made up thin, black and fluid lava. The eruption also resulted to production of ash clouds that made their way into the stratosphere. The ash clouds formed a dense haze across Europe which resulted to blockage of the sun’s rays from reaching the ground. In addition to the ash, the eruptive clouds that came out of the fissures consisted mainly of high quantities of hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen Fluoride gases2. These gases combined with atmospheric water to produce acid rain that lead to death of livestock as well as destruction of vegetations and crops. The effect was however severe in Iceland where seventy five percent of the livestock and twenty five percent of the people died from the toxic impact of the volcanic activities. The impact of the eruption was also felt in places far away from Iceland. During the period the United States recorded low temperatures. In fact, the temperatures in the northern hemisphere decreased by over a degree Celsius. There are various reasons on how large volcanic eruption may have an impact on the global climate. Volcanic eruptions often produce large quantities of carbon dioxide, a gas that is associated with the green house effect. Carbon dioxide is known to trap gases that are been radiated form the surface of the earth forming an insulations around the earth. The green house impact is essential for human survival as it maintains the temperatures

LAND LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LAND LAW - Essay Example In respect of establishment of an easement there has been a criteria that has been laid down in Re Ellenborough Park1 which are generally referred to. The first criterion is that there must be a dominant and servient tenement and therefore the easement cannot exist in gross. (Hawkins v. Rutler)2. Clearly in respect of the facts at hand there was a land that is number 3 which was the dominant tenement and a servient tenement that is number 1. The second criterion is that the dominant and servient tenement must be owned or occupied by different persons (Roe v. Siddons)3. In respect of the facts at hand even if the land was owned by the same person according to Wright v. Macadam4 the occupation by different persons would allow an easement to be created. Thirdly the fact the easement must benefit the dominant tenement and this is dependent upon the proximity of the servient tenement; it should not be purely personal advantage (Hill v Tupper); and the right must not that be of a recreatio nal user. In respect of the fact at hand clearly there can be seen the fact that the benefit is of the dominant tenement. ... the facts at hand, the second that there must be a grantee which is evident because the tenants were granted the rights; thirdly the subject matter of grant is sufficiently certain, which is clear enough in respect of the facts that is the right to cross; and finally the right must be capable of being called an easement that is it is covered under the rights which have been recognized to be easements, which has been done in respect of the right to cross. The final factor that has not been expressly listed down in the case was that of public policy which is considered when determining whether an easement is existent or not. The next aspect that is considered is that easement can be existent either legally or under equity as laid down under section 1 of the Law of Property Act (LPA) 1925. As far as legal easements are considered there are a number of formalities that need to be fulfilled. The first requirement is that for a legal easement there must either be a fee simple absolute in p ossession or as an adjunct to a term of years (section 1 LPA 1925). Secondly easements can only be legal if created by way of statute, by prescription, by deed or registered disposition. All other easement are equitable in nature. As far as easements by statute are concerned they are created by the Acts of Parliament, which is clearly not the case in respect of the facts at hand. As far easement by prescription is concerned it is by way of long use and is by way of common law prescription, ‘lost modern grant and/or Prescription Act 1832. In respect of easement by prescription it can be in fee simple only. Thus clearly this would not be applicable to the case at hand As far as deed or registered disposition is concerned this is done by way of a formal document which has clearly not been

Financial analysis in healthcare Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial analysis in healthcare - Coursework Example The performance of an organization comprises of the measured actual output of an organization against the set target output. A positive correlation exists between organizational performance and financial effectiveness. The real organizational output increases with financial stability and effective investment decisions. Economic effectiveness is particularly important for organizational performance based on its influence on the profits, return on investments and the return on the assets of an organization. For the initially invested funds to generate returns, subsequent investments that aim at building the capacity for production are made (Turner, 2011). These investments depend on the stability of a firm’s financial framework. When more profits are generated, the amount of resources reinvested and the reserves increase. The expansion of the investment of an organization holding other factors constant results to increased profitability and returns. An effective investment requires an effective financial strategy in order to generate real returns and produce the maximum yield. Every investment opportunity is faced with uncertainty and risk. Organizations with a sound investment and financial base are bound to survive bad times in the business cycle such as depressions and recessions. Organiza tions with unstable financial strategies are most likely to close down operations during these bad times. How well an organization performs in terms of competitiveness and market share are a function of its investment and financial strategies. An organization with an effective investment and economic base competes effectively in the market through proper investment of adequate resources to support its brand and hence excellent organizational performance. Organizations with an adequate financial history can attract a wide range of stakeholders that matter to the organizational

Is the Arab world changing for the better Essay

Is the Arab world changing for the better - Essay Example As a result of these conflicts, some of these countries have made conclusions in transforming the governments and pave the way toward democracy and social justice. Hence, education, frequent communication, and high rate of population increase in the Arab world, no government could be able to be stopped from the winds of democratic change. Primarily, the Arab Spring may attest to be as transitional stepping stone towards change just like the European rebellions of 1848 that did not at once produce operational democracies. This is whereby the Arab Spring has created a new perception of the Arabs especially the young people’s capabilities and ambitions whereby they desire more liberty, employment, parity, and justice in their countries. They demand to be listened to, appreciated, and take active participation in decision making regarding their current, future plus the future of their communities and states. Tunisia, for example, has confirmed to the entire world that Arab World is not resistant from democratic change, and following several years of experimentation with the replica of armed revolution that merely led to violence, demolitions, and disillusionment, Tunisia gives a new form of transformation through tranquil demonstration and popular revolution. According to Serag El-Din during the conference held in Egypt on Arab Reform Initiative, the Arab countries has witnessed transformation, indicating that Arab constitutions ought to fight the logical inflexibility that subjugated the constitutional thought in the previous decades. Additionally, they demand to be heard in matters regarding the transformation towards authentic democracy because it is a novel atmosphere for them to that takes into consideration their stronger civic engagement. Hence, the new constitutions will take the Arab world to a new and bright future, therefore, the measures that would be undertaken regarding democracy through the electing of new

Deontological Versus Teleologica Ethical Systems Essay

Deontological Versus Teleologica Ethical Systems - Essay Example This is because the helper injected the patient out of good intentions and the overdose could just be a result of misunderstanding the instructions given or forgetting them. Since the consequences of an action are of less importance, the system is deontological. Utilitarianism Unlike ethical formalism, the utilitarian system judges the moral worth of an action basing on its consequences. Therefore, a good action is that which results in the greatest benefits for the greatest number. This system seeks consistency with the belief that human nature seeks to avoid pain while maximising pleasure (Pollock, 2004). Because of this, people should always act ways that yield the greatest good/benefits verses to evil for all persons concerned. A notorious thief can be hanged so that the residents of the place can learn from it and have peace as well. It is not justifiable to hang a thief but this injustice is outweighed by the positive consequences achieved by all the town residents. The system is therefore teleological. Religion In the religious system, the moral worth of an action is judged in relation to its conformity certain beliefs. These beliefs provide religious ethics that direct and guide on how people should live. The authority of these ethics, particularly among the Christians and the Jews comes from a wilful and a rational God. For the believers, God is perfect and thus his authority is unquestionable and is not subject to further examination. Therefore, a good action is that which conforms to the will of God. For example, one should not steal even if the food was meant to save a dying person. The similarity between this system and ethical formalism is that the consequences of an action bears little weight and therefore this system is deontological.

Computing technology in aircraft design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Computing technology in aircraft design - Essay Example It also discuss the advantages such as reduced production cost, improved time management, advanced method of quality control system, product consistency, in time to market and improved customer satisfaction. Aircraft design is a useful field that provides itself to objective design methods and, especially, optimization skill. Nearly all major aerospace design institutes employ computer-based optimization tools, mainly at the early design phase. Usually, the overall objective task used is total life-cycle cost (LCC) of the product. In the early design stage computer-based optimization technique allow a very broad search of the design space. Later, due to the current limits of optimization tools, searching are conducted using manual or ‘computer assisted’ process and, as a result, the search becomes noticeably more expensive and time consuming (Pugh 1996). The search space is narrowed down to a small number of design concepts that are explored in greater depth. At each stage of this process, the minimization of LCC remains the overall target (Southampton e-Science Wiki, 2006). The Boeing Commercial Airplane Company (BCAC) commenced testing with computerized transmission of aircraft design data between engineering groups. It is characteristic for several engineering groups, positioned at different company plants throughout the country, to work on an aircraft drawing as it develops from initial shapes to a final, dimensioned, explained, part. Traditionally, these drawings had always been prepared manually using drafting tables and conveyed between plants via company inter-office mail. By the introduction of early computerized drawing techniques and the accessibility of quality Interactive Computer Graphic (ICG) systems BCAC management decided to replace, both the manual drafting and inter-office mailing of aircraft design drawings.

How I Learnt How to Navigate the Cyber Space Essay

How I Learnt How to Navigate the Cyber Space - Essay Example Plainly speaking the experience would be unforgettable, defining, and somewhat perplexing. This paper explores my first steps on a journey through the cyberspace. Introduction Having read and heard a lot about the internet and cyber space, and obsessed over the concept for what seemed like my whole life, I had a few things in mind I was more than anxious to try. My initial approach was an intricate mixture of curiosity, anxiety, and bewilderment. I was keen to find out if some of the things I had read about cyber space were true. To be specific, I had even come up with a list of a few things of my own with which to challenge the ingenuity of the outspoken technological phenomenon. However, I was inwardly unsettled over how the new virtual world would appear to me. Precisely, I was keen to find out whether cyber space would it be a passive unexciting computing experience. My greatest wonder was whether the web, arguably one of the best inventions of the century, would be an infinitely complex and unfathomable mass of data and material that would be utterly intolerant to my inexperience, and numbing to my bristling curiosity? Technology has always been my greatest source of marvel and intrigue for as long as I can remember. All things I found amazing about human accomplishments with regard to innovation were beginning to gather around technology and later and by extension computing. While some things would seem normal on computers and their many applications, for instance, do calculations at unimaginable speeds, some elements were especially influential to my curiosity and interest in computers. Particularly appearing improbable was the claims that it could do a multiplicity of activity including communicating with other computers with people all over the world in virtually no time. Even to a person fairly read on technology, particularly computing, this was simply extraordinary: I knew that computers had a myriad of abilities, which were beyond some of our wilde st perceptions on what is possible through human endeavour. I knew that computers could control complex systems, that computing knowledge had been critical in man’s first conquest of the moon in the outer space, could store mammoth amounts of data, do apparently complex and time-consuming manual activities at blinding speeds, and replace common technological innovations such as typewriters, and video output devices with unmatched effectiveness (Rajashekar, 22). At the time, it was only possible to read materials about the internet and the web in physical libraries. Therefore, metaphorically, I consider my first web experience occurred before I ever typed my first word on a browser search tab. What I found out about cyber space was more than I was hoping to unfold, and quite honestly, quite sobering. The moment I typed in a dictionary vocabulary, a popular name in computing, and the president’s name, my reality materialized from a haze of eccentric veneer and supressed doubts. I was sure of one thing, I was going to be part of this community, intellectually, and in many other ways a kid my age could imagine, I felt I belonged, and had means to let my imaginations run wild with a few keystrokes. The internet at the time was painfully and insufferably slow by today’

Human Adaptation Essay Example for Free

Human Adaptation Essay Even though human being is the next evolution of animal, people still have the basic thing that both animal and human being always have, and they cannot deny which is the adaptation of survival. The movie â€Å"Bicycle Thieves† is director Vittorio De Sica told the viewers a story of a poor father, who was searching for his stolen bicycle, and without the bicycle he will lose his job, which was to be the salvation of his young family. At the end, he cannot even find his bicycle; instead to steal from other but he was fail. All the quiet on the Western Front† is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, who is a German veteran of WWI, shows people a painful picture, line of thought, and the adaptation of the young group soldier in the war. The adaptation is not always good but it is depend on the situation they are in. The adaptation from generation of Paul and his friends has suffered is bad because they got experience during the war, which they have to adapt for their survival throughout the grenade, bullet, and boom. Paul and friends from this generation adapt too much from the war to get the experience of survival. Therefore, they lost their youth, connection with family, and lost their future. Sometimes, Adaptation could make a person, who has a different thought, speak, and vote into the one whom is speechless, and the same thought as others, or simply that the one lost his or herself. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† wrote by George Orwell, gives people an example of the adaptation from the police who being force to kill the elephant, and made the ridiculous excuse for his action. The story tells people how the police feels about the elephant if he shoot or not. At first, he thinks the elephant is innocent, however, the shooting still happens and he makes an excuse that the elephant might be dangerous to people who lives here even thought he knows the elephant stays far away from the town people lives. Actually, the adaption makes him thinks that if he did not shoot the elephant, those black people might beat him until death, and he has to adapt for his survival. Things might change, or something happens that makes people have to adapt at the environment, or situation they are in. There might be something force people to adapt or there might not, however, it is true that in people’s mind, they do not want to lose anyone else, therefore their brain force them to do something that develops their ability to adapt the right situation. As soon as the police see the elephant, he already knows that he â€Å"ought not to shoot him† (Orwell). Watching the elephant eat at a peaceful time, he â€Å" did not in the least want to shoot him†(Orwell). He recognizes that â€Å"every white man’s life in the East was one long struggle not to be laughed at. (Orwell). He was too scared to let the elephant alive because people will make fun at him as fool. The only thought in his mind â€Å"was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmans would see him pursued, caught, trampled on and reduced to a grinning corpse like that Indian up the hill†. At the end, Orwell has to adapt the opinion of two thousand Burmans as being what they want h im to be, otherwise; he would be like the man up hill. In â€Å"All the quiet on the Western†, Paul and his friends have show their suffer during WWI that they have to adapt it. They have to adapt harsh living condition; sometimes they might be starving, defecation with others, someplace does not supply any food, Paul and his friends has to find it by themselves. Kat, who always find food for the entire group, â€Å"He has two loaves of bread under his arm and a blood stained sandbag full of horse-flesh in his hand† (Remarque, 39). Sometimes, Paul and his friends have to see his partner or young soldiers die in front of their eyes and they have to adapt it. â€Å"Such a kid† Kat repeats it â€Å" young innocent† (Remarque, 73). Antonio, who is searching for this stolen bicycle. The only thing he cares it is his bicycle but it makes he mad because the neighborhood is trying to protect the thief, and the old man in the church refuse to give him the address of the thief (The Bicycle Thief). Sometime, people know who did that but most of them choose to be silent because they do not have enough evidence to prove it. It becomes the rule of this world, and people need to adapt it. Antonia knows exactly about the thief but he cannot prove when the thief hides the bicycle. He has to adapt this rule that he needs a lot of proof to prove it; otherwise, the thief can get away from the case. Adaptation likes the wind cause no one starts it, it just comes unexpected and people just entrain it. When people realize those changing by looking back at the past, they might lost their identity because of what they have done compare to an â€Å"old† in themselves. The war broke because of the pride of government that lead to the stupid decision. War is meaningless because both sides have to suffer a lot of painful from physical to psychological. Paul and his group have to adapt to the war for survival. They adapt too much for the meaningless war, which loss their youth, their connection with family, and their future. To them, the line between death and alive is too close that they do not know tomorrow they still pass it or not. Everyday, they are living in hope and dream that if the war is going to end tomorrow, what they will do. At the end, they are no longer a human being instead a war machines (Remarque). After finding the thief, and seeing people protect him, Antonia adapts to the rule of this world, however, he is misunderstanding and choosing the wrong way. He does not trust the society and a man who lost his bicycle. However, he still cares and wants to find his bicycle because the bicycle is the only income to feed him and his son. At the end, he becomes a bicycle thief just like the one who stole his bicycle. The movie ends with part that Antonia walk slowly into the society just like others because he lost his identity, and it likes others people, and there is no different between him and this society that force him to adapt it (The Bicycle Thief). As same as the police in the story â€Å"Shooting the elephant†, he is too scare to stand up and refuse to shoot the elephant. He is afraid to be alone, and he has to adapt himself into the situation or two thousand Burmans is going to beat him. Adaptation and changing himself likes others, and he lost himself by shooting the elephant. At the end, he realizes that he becomes a part of this society, and he does not even know this is who he is, he â€Å"could not stand it any longer and went away† (Orwell). Adaptation could release the natural of human that stays deeply inside of them, and when it outbreaks, people do not know who they are or they are unbelievable that is their natural. In The Bicycle Thief, the series of annoying events from the old man from the church who did not want to give Antonia the address of the thief. Then the neighborhoods that tried to protect the thief and blamed Antonia again. At the end, the adaptation has changed Antonia, or it seemly that the adaptation has released the natural that stays inside Antonia, and he slapped his son, which he will never do before (The Bicycle Thief). As same as All The Quiet on the Western Front, while the bomb war happens, Paul saved a new soldier in his group. Later, Paul finds that recruit is lying on the ground with his hip a mess of flesh and bone splinters at the joint. Kat and Paul know he will not survive cause of his wounds. Kat whispers to Paul that they should end his life with a gunshot before the wound is going to torment him. The adaptation of the war has changed their thought in the way of life. They thought that It would be better if someone take a bullet through their brain to stop the life that they has suffered, and it would be better to die rather than the wound is going to torment them. In Catholic, if someone still survives, they should try to save him or her rather than kill him even though they know it would be better when they just let him or her go. After shooting the elephant, the police did not feel guilty for what he did, beside, he defend himself that â€Å"legally he had done the right thing, for a mad elephant has to be killed, like a mad dog† (Orwell). Once again, the adaptation shows the real natural of this man who â€Å"avoid looking the fool†, believe what he did it is right, and defend himself because he does not want to feel guilty, and people feel shame on him. Life likes the wind, and people just like the clouds floating in the sky. Whenever the wind rise, the fragile cloud and easy to break that has to follow it, or it is going to vanish in the sky. Human is a one of the kind that has a complicated history from traveling around the global. Dr. Petrov who has the research about the genetic of human adaptation say that â€Å"The work suggests human beings have undergone rampant adaptation to their environment in the last 200,000 years of history†(New). When Antonia lead his son go to the expensive restaurant, but he cannot let his son eat the food as well as the child who eating on the next table. He says â€Å"if we want to eat like that, we need to earn lot† (The Bicycle Thieves). However, even though he does not have money, he still let his son eat at the expensive restaurant because he holds a hope, which will give his son a better life. they have to adaptation the situation right now, and when they find the bicycle he can give his son more than that( The bicycle Thieves). Under rapidly changing environments nowadays, skills that were functional are quickly outmoded requiring continual self-renewal. (Albert Bandura), and the key to get over this harsh life, it is adaptation.

Edward R. Murrow - The Father of Broadcast Journalism Essay Example for Free

Edward R. Murrow The Father of Broadcast Journalism Essay The movie Good Night and Good Luck portrays the early 1950s when America experienced the threat of communism that created fear amongst Americans. There were even some who took advantage of such situations such as Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin. But there was one person who knew of his scheme and did everything to expose his deception amongst the people, this was Edward Murrow. This film showed his and his producer’s pursuit to expose the truth. The bravery and determination of Edward Murrow to reveal the truth by the use of media made him known as the father of broadcast journalism. The bravery of Edward Murrow to deliver only the truth to his viewers was one of the reasons why he was well known during the 1950s. This movie showed how far Murrow would go just to reveal the truth. He did not consider the danger that would come with his plan to expose the public deception of Senator McCarthy. Being a journalist and a democrat, he had in him the drive to let the public know the truth no matter what (MURROW, EDWARD R.  U. S. Broadcast Journalist†). Because of this dedication, people saw him as a person who upholds public service at its best; until now, he is known for his bravery in exposing the truth. The pursuit of Edward Murrow to expose the truth about the public deception of Senator McCarthy showed his determination to reveal the truth and save his fellow Americans. Murrow made use of his resources to uncover the truth behind the communism threat to America imposed primarily by Senator McCarthy. When chaos was dominating the society, Murrow knew that he had to do something to bring back the peace among the people. He served as the voice of the people, exposing information after information of the truth behind the â€Å"red scare† that started chaos all over America (Jeff, n. d. ). Edward Murrow not only served as a journalist who wanted to reveal the truth, but most importantly he served as a hero for the Americans in their time of crisis. He did not think of the danger that he would encounter in his pursuit to expose the truth. He believed that the people deserve to know the truth and, him being a journalist, he knows that it is his job to deliver the truth to the public. Because of his bravery and dedication to his work, he was acknowledged by journalists as a person to look up to and an epitome of â€Å"journalistic excellence† (MURROW, EDWARD R. U. S. Broadcast Journalist†). These and many more are the reasons why Edward Murrow is regarded as the father of broadcast journalism.

Analysing the East Asian Pop Culture Media Essay

Analysing the East Asian Pop Culture Media Essay According to the acknowledgements section of the book, this book was the result of a workshop that was organized by the University of Singapore. The book has 13 Asia area expert-contributors who researched and presented the cultural influences of South Korean popular culture in East Asia in 2008. This book, which is readable, is very important for my research because it analyzes the impact of the Korean Wave in various countries of East Asia and incorporates the following relevant themes: modernity, identity, cultural industries, re-imagining, nationalism, trans-nationalism, structure of identification, globalization, popular capital culture and identity, tourism and cultural capital. Most importantly, for my research, it has audience studies on Korean drama, which will be beneficial to my research in getting data as to the behavior and pattern of the audience of Korean drama in Asia. Weaver, John A. Popular Culture New York: Peter Lang, 2009 This is a very recent general book written by Professor John A. Weaver who is professor of Curriculum Studies at Georgia Southern University. The book doesnt directly address the specific topic of my research; nevertheless, it does address the concept of popular culture, traditions of popular cultural studies, the Frankfurt tradition, Birmingham School of Thought, fan culture, localizing power and etc. which are useful in my research for the general understanding of pop culture. Since for any concept to materialize and become accepted, first, theory must be formulated, therefore, I want to understand the theoretical concept of power, identity, gender, and the media. Most importantly, though, I want to understand the power behind the media. It also has a good section for further suggested readings and fairly detailed glossary in the context of cultural studies. The Korea Herald Korean Wave Korea: Jimoondang, 2008 This book is a series entitled Insight into Korea Series Vol. 5 and is edited by the Korea Herald. The book has 17 contributors whose expertises vary from journalists, a housewife, and an ambassador to university professors. This book is very useful for my research because the various articles that are written by the aforementioned deal with the Korean Wave and its acceptance and popularity within different countries inside Asia and beyond (as far away places as Poland, Spain, Argentina, Iran, Australia, Egypt and so forth). In looking at the effects of the Korean Wave in different countries outside Asia will indentify answers to my researchs main questions as to how, and why (and who is behind) Korean TV drama (including my research concentration of Dae Jang Geum) appeals to the viewers of different countries with different history, tradition, religion and culture. The National Academy of the Korean Language An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture: 233 traditional key words Seoul: Hakgojae, 2002 This illustrated book is designed as an introduction to non-Koreans in explaining Korean culture. The TV series Dae Jang Geum is a historical drama loosely based on an event that happened during the reign of King Jungjong (Jaeson Dynasty: 16th Century). The series has lots of scenes of cooking, dance, music, and script based on authentic Korean tradition and etc. There are many cultural references in the series which are not clear for non-Korean audiences. Therefore, this book is useful to my research in clarifying some of the cultural background, symbolism, traditional significance, traditional words, rituals and etc. that are shown in the historical TV drama series, Dae Jang Geum. The book has lots of illustrated colorful, long description of food, clothing, traditional houses, traditional drinks, leisure activities games and more. McPhail, Thomas L. Global Communication: Theories Stakeholders, and Trends Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010 This book as the title indicates is a book that covers global communication and explores the various players (such as CNN, Fox, Al Jazerra, MSNBC, etc.) in world media today. Even though the book covers the entire world, it has a section that is relevance to my research which deals with Asia in general and Korea in particular. Most importantly, first, the book is as recent as you can get (2010), second, the section in Korea gives statistics on cultural products, exports of audio visual products and others. It also has figures on the importers of Korean products by product catagories. Therefore, this book is very useful for my research because I am able to get data in the context of Korean popular cultural export to Asia in particular. Kim, Youna Women, Television and Everyday Life in Korea: Journeys of hope New York: Routledge, 2005 The book is written by a lecturer in Media and Communication at London School of Economics and Political Science. It explores the age, the economic status (upper class, lower class and middle class), the empowerment, identity, sexuality, attitude towards romance of women in Korean society and their viewing patterns. What I find useful for my research in the book is that it gives a short historical background about the Korean television system, representation of women, family life in transition and etc. The aforementioned will help me in understanding womens viewing pattern in Korea in order to contrast it with other Asia womens viewing pattern. T.Youn-ja Shim, Min-Sun Kim, Judith N. Martin Changing Korea: Understanding Culture and Communication New York: Peter Lang, 2008 The modernization and democratization process of Korea and the success of its popular culture across Asia and beyond go hand in hand. In other words, Korean popular cultural exports would not have been a reality without Koreas economic powerhouse status and its democratization process that started in late 1980s. I chose the aforementioned book in order to understand the success of its modernity, progress and development. The book analayzes Korean culture in the context of its development, specially its communication. The cultural context that are mentioned in the book are Confusianism, collectivism vs. individualism, intercultural conflicts, and etc. The book gives data that is very helpful for my research because it compares its development success with other countries. Another important fact that I found interesting is that nearly 90% of its households are online therefore making Korea the worlds leading in communication capabilites. Ravina, Mark Introduction: Conceptualizing the Korean Wave Southeast Review of Asian Studies. Vol.31 (2009), 3-9. The article, published in 2009, discusses Hallyus success and its impact in Asia. The author, who is a professor at Emory University, asks and tries to answer to the questions as to why and how Korean popular culture was enthusiastically received abroad. Even though the article does not particularly address the historical TV drama entitled Dae Jang Geum, (the series that my final addresses), but the article gives an introductory (easily readable) analysis about the Korean Wave, its development, its players, its impact as a national phenomenon and transnational phenomenon in Korea and beyond. At the end of the article, the author suggests future research on the Korean Wave. Miller, Laura Korean TV Dramas and the Japan-Style Korean Wave Post Script: Essays in Films and the Humanities Volume 27, No.3 (2008), 17-24. The article is written by a professor who chairs Japanese Studies department at the University of Missouri. The article discusses the impact of Korean TV dramas on Japan. The article mostly deals with the impact of Winter Sonata on Japan in general and women in particular, it is very useful to my research to understand the trend that Winter Sonata started in Japan. However, the article has a short section on Dae Jang Geum and its impact on its audience. The success of Winter Sonata and its main male character, affectionately called Yon-sama in Japan, created a fan crazed love-all things Korean fandom. The impact of the popularity of Yon-sama on Japanese society including its politicians is best illustrated by the following story. During elections for the Diet, the article mentions, that a former Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro said, I will make great efforts so that I will be as popular as Yon-sama and be called Jun-sama. Tai, Eika Korean Activism and Ethnicity in the Changing Ethnic Landscape of Urban Japan Asian Studies Review Volume 30, No. 1 (2006) 41-58. The author is professor of Foreign Languages and Literatures at North Carolina State University. Even though the article is written four years ago, I want to understand how the effect of the Korean wave in Japan has affected the Zainichi: the largest minority group in Japan (Japanese of Korean descent). In other words, I want to investigate if the status of Zainichi has been positively or negatively affected by the Korean Wave. The author argues that the impact of the Korean Wave has affected the images of Zainichi by the rest of the Japanese population, positively. Although, most of the article deals with two places where the Zainichi are active, the article for my purposes is very informative in making reference points that there was/were cooperation and learning experiences between other ethnic groups such as the Ainu and the Zainichi. Lee, Hyangiin Buying Youth: Japanese Fandom of the Korean Wave Complicated Currents: Media Flows, Soft Power and East Asia (2010) 1-16. According to the biography on the author, the article indicates that the author has written extensively on nationalism, trans-nationalism in Korean cinema and the Korean Wave in Japan. This article is a recent article that is published by Monash University. The article explores whether the notion that middle aged women were driving the Korean New Wave and craze in Japan. At the end, the author dispels the aforementioned. The article is very relevant to my research because the author looks into the concept of masculinity, socialization, femininity, and etc. in the Asian context. Most importantly, the article analyzes the audience in terms of passive viewer vs. active viewers, significant agents, imagined cross-cultural citizenship, power, politics, social commitment, social positioning, cultural mobility, nostalgia and so forth.

Why is this night different from all other nights? :: Personal Narrative Writing

Why is this night different from all other nights? My sister Sarah is lighting the candles, and her hands tremble when she turns to cover her face ina gesture of piety. I am thirteen years old, and we are gathered at my house for the Passover seder ("order" in Hebrew) and my whole family is here: mother, sister, grandmother, aunt, and two cousins. Did I say my whole family is here? That is not entirely correct: my father is absent. My parents split five years ago, and he doesn't celebrate holidays with us anymore. We don't really talk about this, though, and instead my mother's boyfriend, a Gentile from Colorado, takes my father's place at the head of the table, and leads the seder, reading the phonetic Hebrew I secretly scribbled in the margins of that Haggadah ("telling" in Hebrew) several years ago, when Sarah could read Hebrew and I couldn't yet. I can now. While Sarah's hands are trembling over her closed eyes, Nettie's hands tremble as well, as she carries out the heavy silver tray containing the seder plate, wine, matzot, and bowls of salt water. This tray belonged to my grandmother, and, as I'm told each time we use it, it's an antique, worth a lot of money. Earlier this afternoon, I saw Nettie polishing it in the kitchen, along with the matching silver serving pieces, silver salt and pepper shakers, silver pitchers, and of course, the ornate silver wineglass we put out for Elijah. This is an impressive collection of silver, all monogrammed with my grandmother's initials, and when Nettie was polishing the pieces this afternoon, she spread them out neatly on our kitchen counters.They took up the whole room. Nettie is our maid. She's been with us since I was three and Sarah seven. She comes to our house three days each week, all day, and sometimes she watches us when my mother goes out at night and on the weekends. She is a black woman, somewhere around sixty years old, and while she has been with us for years, I cannot seem to remember her aging visibly. Her skin isdark and smooth, and smells faintly of the rosewater and glycerin lotion she applies daily. Her hair, I'm told, is very long, although I've never seen it in any style other than wrapped in a tight bun on the top of her head.

Laura Equirels Like Water for Chocolate :: essays research papers

Love   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  True love is emotion and passion. True love is when two individuals see each other and never want to leave each other. True love is a feeling of love every time one sees or even thinks of his or her soul mate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I do not believe true love was ever reached in this novel with any of the characters. Tita and Pedro always had worries and doubts about their relationship together. And that is what kept them from reaching true love. If they question their love and relationship because of other individuals, it cannot in fact be true love. I believe what Tita and Pedro felt was passion. Passion for each other that was stronger than any other character. â€Å"With no need for words, they took each other’s hands and went into the dark room.† Pedro and Tita’s dark room was proof of how secretive they wanted to be. Although Tita loves her family immensely, she could not let that love interfere with her love for Pedro; not for the shortest time. Tita and Pedro did not have enough emotional love for them to have true love. When they saw each other, they hardly had any other love than their passion of the dark room. They did not express many ideas for their future to gether.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tita and John’s love was not near true love. They had some emotional love when together, but no passion for love. They knew they could start a family and a future together, but Tita especially had an empty feeling of love when around John. Probably the same emptiness Pedro feels for Rosaura. Those are the kinds of love where two people can have a successful future and family together, but could be emotionally separate from each other. In a way, Rosaura and Pedro’s relationship is almost a premonition for Tita and John’s relationship.

A Critical Analysis of Strategies that Promote Inclusive Practice in As

This essay will examine two assessment strategies, firstly that of observation and secondly, The Common Assessment Framework (2007), in order to critically analyse their potential to promote inclusive practice in assessment. It will demonstrate the purpose and objective behind these assessment strategies and the use of assessment for a range of purposes drawing on current issues in practice and discussing measures used by practitioners. It will also demonstrate the importance of collaboration between professionals, learners and parents to ensure respectful and shared assessment practice showing an awareness of the importance of considering validity of content and technique to support the children’s learning and progress and the need for careful evaluation and moderation of assessment findings. According to Gipps (1994), assessment can be defined as the use of a wide range of methods used for evaluating performance, attainment and needs, including formal testing and examinations, practical and oral assessment and classroom based assessment and observation. Assessment strategies can be described as a process that organises actions and ideas, usually in a step-by-step fashion, which help to guide practitioners in carrying out an assessment. Assessment can be categorised into formative, summative, diagnostic and evaluative. Formative assessment, which is the continuous use of assessment to guide the teaching and learning process, enables the positive achievement of students to be recognised, and informs decisions taken about the next appropriate stage of learning. Summative assessment is that which usually takes place at the end of a programme of learning in order to find out what has been learnt and what standard the student has ... ...d practitioner confidence and self belief. Also, more research into the impact of the CAF process and ways of working to lighten the work load, as instigating CAF’s is seen as adding to this, by many professions. To conclude, this essay has examined observation and The Common Assessment Framework as assessment strategies, and has critically analysed their potential to promote inclusive practice in assessment. It has demonstrated the purpose and objectives behind each strategies and the use of assessment for a range of purposes drawing on current issues in practice. It has also discussed the importance of collaboration between professionals and participants to ensure respectful and shared assessment practice, highlighting the importance of considering reliability, validity, presence of bias and inclusive practice, in supporting children’s learning and progress.

Philosophy Midterm Essay

> Principle of non- indefinite Regression everything has an end (Teleoloqy) > Nemo dat quod non habet nobody can give what it does not possess > nature is never frustrated intellect is destined to know > tota anima in toto corpore the whole soul is in the whole body > ex entre non fit ens nothing becomes what is already is > the effect cannot be greater than the cause > nothing is in the intellect which does not pass through the senses > the separated soul can no longer use abstract concepts to remember or to reason Midieval Philosophy. > The problem on which philosophy became stranded – (the existence and nature of God and his relationship with the world. ) > The spirituality and immortality of the soul, the notion of the obligation and of moral sanction – are given clear responses in Christian revelation. > The problems of reconciling these two sources arouse (faith and reason). Some of these men are: 1. St. Augustine > he wrote about 232 books in which are contained Philosophical definitions which testify to the depth and universality of his genius. > his philosophy are more or less adhered to that of Plato which, to him, seemed the most suitable for Christianity. > Fundamental Principles The Divine Truth is the unique and perfect cost which is immediately explicative of all beings in its different modalities of nature and of action. Augustine establishes the existence of God, the source of all truth, through philosophical truths. 2. St Anselm and Peter Abelard For St. Anselm: Famous Formula: â€Å"Credo ut intellicam: I believe that I may have a full understanding. † God means the most perfect being that can be thought of. Therefore, God must exist, otherwise he would not be the most perfect conceivable being. For Peter Abelard: Abelard was a brilliant master of dialectics and ethics. He stress fully the value of human reason in investigating the divine or revealed truth. 3. St. Albert the Great Albert began Aristotle’s Christianization. Albert performed a twofold function of revealing the greatness of Aristotle. 4. St. Thomas Aquinas Thomistic philosophy (Thomism) is fundamentally, the philosophy of good sense. It is both Universal and Catholic. Lacordaire stated that Thomas was a lighthouse and not a milestone. He acheived the title of Angelic Doctor and named as Guide of Students. In him, there is not found thelhowght of man alone but the voice of the truth common to all men, and the most beautiful reflection of the Uncreated Light of the word God, who enlightens every man coming into this world. Five ways to prove the existence of God: 1. Argument of Motion God is the Prime Mover. 2. Argument from Efficient Causes God is the uncaused cause. 3. Argument from Possibility and Necessity (Reductio Argument) God is the alpha and omega. 4. Argument of Gradation of Being God as the supreme being. 5. Argument of Design God designed everything. MODERN PHILOSOPHY. Modern thinkers want to use pure reason in their investigations. Between there is an intercovering period called RENAISSANCE (16th C. ) This period was marked by the rise of many philosophers each claiming to by the right philosophy (individualism). This was critisim among philosophers. Renaissance brought top light a new science and also renewed interest in the arts and letters. In the 17th century, the philosophical field was almost free and this fact explains tge rapid advance of ideas of FRANCIS BACON and of Rene Descartes, the initiators of Modern Philosophy. FRANCIS BACON – father of modern philosophy (empiricists). Empiricists rely on scientific method to determine the truth. He employed the inductive method. He rejects the deduction and syllogistoc reasoning as an unscientific method and affirms induction as the only useful instrument for the philosophers. RENE DESCSRTES – another father of modern philosiphy (rationalist). Rationalists use reason to determine the truth. He tries to establish a method for philosophers to discover the truth. Four Stages: 1. Adoption of Universal Doubt. Doubt about everything. 2. Cogbito erg Sum Cannot doubt self existence. 3. Clear Ideas of d’ Supreme Interior Thinking must be certain. 4. Establishment of Rules of the Universal Method Four rules of universal method necessary in construction a universal science. IMMANUEL KANT – an empiricists. He accepts that human reason cannot know reality because it is NOUMENON. Kant abandons empiricism in favor of rationalism. Philosophy and ethics is the central part of his philosophy. He also believes in the Categorical Imperitive. CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY. It is believed that contemporary philosophy appeared as a direct, indirect or concomitant reaction against idealism. Important Philosiphical Systems in the Contemporary Age: 1. Voluntarism If there’s a will, there’s a way. 2. Radical Christian Fideism To acheive faith 3. Institution There are certain things that are vital to the society. 4. Phenomenology Dwell on certain processes to arrive at a reality. 5. Extentialism pose many reflections sysipus means existential philosophy 6. Materialism 7. Positivism 8. Structuralism SOREN KIERKEGARD – an existentialist. He believed in the leap of faith. The authentic existing individual is a â€Å"Christiana†. FRIEDRICH NEITZCHE – an atheists. Neitzche’s philosophy is born out the will to live. The religious ideal is unacceptable because â€Å"God is dead. † God’s death gives way to rise of the Superman who is not subject to the ordinary laws of morality because he creates his own values. He says atheism is the only alternative to the death of God. EDMUND HUSSERL – father of phenomenology. Three steps of the phenomenology method: 1. Epoche 2. Eidetic Reduction 3. Transcendental Reduction Eidos is the center of being in everything.

The Relationship Between Punk and Dada

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DADA AND PUNK It is difficult to estimate when people began to create different theories, movements and ideologies with regards to what is positive and negative in the world that we live in. A part and parcel of human nature has always been an individual desire to be a part of the perfect world which unfortunately is mainly stimulated by individuals in power. Therefore this bore a disagreement and critique among minorities and has been exploding over the centuries in different forms of cultural movements. One of the greatest cultural trends began in Zurich and it is known as Dadaism.During World War I a group of individuals created Dada in reaction to what they perceived to be negative and opposite of the values that they believed in. They showed their protest against nationalist, colonialist interest and bourgeois in various forms of controversial art. The new style definitely found its followers in suffocated by war society and even etched in history. Never theless, 1970s showed us that Dadaism was not forgotten as it inspired a new generation of people to express their feelings with regards to what is against their vision of perfection.This created a new cultural movement known as ‘Punk’ which is characterised by a critique to a political system and society that was framed in a specific pattern. This essay is an effort to present relations between ‘Dada’ and ‘Punk’ by analysing and comparing various art forms of ideology they believed in. Therefore the part of this work is focused on the backgrounds and origins of both movements it order to explain motives and ideas of their existence.Moreover, it will show very important relationship which strongly connects both trends in a form of spiritual protest by using and comparing artworks from both epochs; Hannah Hoch’s ‘’Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany’’1919 compa red to ‘’The Beatles-Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band’’1968, by Peter Blake and Jann Haworth. Also, the controversial CD cover created by Jamie Reid’s ‘’God Save the Queen’’ 1977 compared to ‘’The Art Critic’’ 1919 by Raoul Hausemann. The analysis of both comparisons will be a detailed explanation of those matters.First of all, Dada was not just a series of art-historical related events which took place between 1916 and 1923. Dada definitely was an emotional, social and political reaction created against the horror of World War I. With the collapse of pre 1914 social values the Dadaists acted in response with a strong ‘weapon’ as it involved a disagreement, defiance with ironic, anarchistic and frequently nihilistic gestures. However, they also evolved attitudes and techniques that have become a priority to our artistic sensibility.The discovery of automatism in the arts, the use of random elements, and the new definition of art which is not limited by any specific content or material is a great concept introduced by the Dadaists. Moreover, the art is situational as there is a result of confrontation between spectator and object which is frequently associated with controversy and chaos. Therefore it can be said that Dada as a novelty bore a historical responsibility for correcting the world problems for all time and a movement to an honourable place in the history of unrealised humanistic visions.From the aesthetic point of view Punk has its origins in Dadaism. However, this was a cultural mutiny which was mainly associated with a verbal protest through the music. This involved strong offensive expression of disagreement with the whole system and alienation. Nevertheless apart from a very controversial song lyrics Punk rock created different trends than others and innovated a new style in art known as ‘Punk visual art’. This new movemen t did not involve ordinary and predictable paintings.It is known as intentional infringement, such as the application of letters cut out from magazines and newspapers and the use of black and white in early Punk rock art work. The reason for that was the cost of productions punk zins in colour, however, in more expensive production there was a use of yellow and fluorescent pink contrasted with black. The message that Dada and Punk tried to achieve through their work in the context of desired reality is very similar as both of them bore from a social outburst.Punk was a form of artistic anarchy against system control and specific pattern of society, whereas Dada was an ‘Anti-War movement’. However, very interesting is the fact that they were relatively unrelated and occurred around 50 years apart. Although the vocalist of a very controversial punk rock band â€Å"Sex Pistols†, Johnny Rotten said he had never heard about ‘Dada’ there can be found the s ame themes of inspirations as in Dadaism. Therefore assuming that the group ‘Sex Pistols’ did not model on Dadaism and any other movements or trends, this might be associated with a human nature. The nature, that does not like o be manipulated, controlled or skipped as a microscopic minority. Fig. 1: ‘The Fountain’ 1917, Marcel Duchamp According to Griel Marcus, the author of ‘Lipstick Traces’ book, both movements are completely nihilistic and propagating belief in nothing and the wish to become nothing. Punk was against everything and at the same time finding its equilibrium in nihilism. This was clearly exposed by ‘Sex Pistols’ in song ‘Pretty Vacant’ which involves the Dada cry of â€Å"nothing is true; everything is permitted†. Moreover, freedom and fighting against the stereotypical art were the keys in Dada and Punk.Dadaists often asked ‘What is art’ and in response to their rules breaking use d anything they could think of for inspiration. Marcel Duchamp is a great example in this point, because his ironic piece ‘The Fountain’ 1917(Fig. 1) which he signed ‘R. Mutt’, was a controversial and provocative way of using a urinal in response to that question. Duchamp’s work not only showed groundbreaking, but it opened people’s eyes that art is not only classic and traditional. It is an awareness of what art is and could be. Dadaism influenced Punk in reflection to their absurdity.Punk artists designed cd covers that reflected the idea of breaking the traditional rules by being experimental with images and text to express political and social views. Photomontage was highly used by both, Dada and Punk. However, it was first used by a German group called ‘Dada’, and later became an inspiration for Punk artists. This involved the practice of cutting and pasting technique for their designs, using materials taken from cardboard, n ewspapers, magazines, rubbish and anything else that could be inspirational to create a collage. Fig. 3: ’The Beatles-Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band’’1968, Peter Blake and Jann Haworth Fig. : ‘’Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany’’1919, Hannah Hoch The most famous work done by Hannah Hoch is ‘’Cut with the Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany’’1919 (Fig. 2). It shows a mixture of modernism by including a lot of machinery and high-tech items of the Weimar period which engage with a modern world. These items were the pasted photographic images called from the press and taken from printed and product catalogues, magazines, newspapers and journals which she clipped together preading across the page to form this artwork. In this chaotic artwork, Hoch also shows the figures of women, as she was strongly towards f ighting for their rights. A new role of women was a message in this design thus metaphorical kitchen knife in her title referred to stereotypical pattern of both; women in the society and to her own artistic process. Because of uniqueness of this artwork the later artists continued controversial reforms in design and we witnessed a creation of ‘’The Beatles-Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band’’ by Peter Blake and Jann Haworth made in 1968 (Fig3. . Originally it was for the cd cover purposes however it was frequently associated with Dada design as it involved a group of people that the members of the band would like to see as their imaginary audience. This shows that there is a reference to the amount of components that Hoch’s used in her design and controversy which also characterised the Beatle’s cover, as Jesus and Hitler were intended to appear in John Lennon’s vision. Another great example of Dadaism in Punk was created by Jamie Reid’s ‘’God Save the Queen’’ 1977 (Fig. 4), the cd cover for Sex Pistols shocked the nation.In the result, this controversial, shocking design together with the lyrics led the BBC and the Independent Broadcasting Authority to not play the song. Reid has offended the image of the Queen Elizabeth II by playing with her portrait and national anthem during Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee in 1977. This censorship did not stop Great Britain from listening to it and made the song to be number one of playlist. In addition, ‘’God Save the Queen’’ played a massive role in a punk rock movement. Reid’s work can be compared to ‘’The Art Critic’’ 1919 by Raoul Hausemann (Fig. ) because of the similarities that can be seen in their designs. They both depict defaced images in the highness of the Queen and the oversized figure with oversized head which is often said to be Housemannâ€⠄¢s friend George Grosz. There is a use of reachable resources which are sliding strong, wild and free personal messages. The irony behind this collage shows the character holding outsized Venus pencil, a shoe glued to his forehead and a German banknote situated near his neck. On the right hand site Fig. 4: ‘’God Save the Queen’’ 1977, Jamie Reid we can see his business card –showing his silhouette filled with a newspaper print.In addition, the background contains Raul’s poem which was randomly chosen informing public performances. Those components show self references as many Dada artists included in their photomontages and the use of materials surrounding them. ‘’The Art Critic’’ is also a provocative and controversial design as the eyes and mouth are full of irony because we don’t know whose are the eyes he sees or whose words he speaks. Knowing that Dada worked before Punk, it can be seen that type and im age juxtapositions influenced Reid to follow this direction.Rick Poynor in his ‘‘No More Rules Graphic Design and Postmodernism’’ book describes Reid’s design by Fig. 5: ‘’The Art Critic’’1919, Raol Hausemann saying that rough, torn stripes across Queen’s face and mouth form voids by a cut-up lettering to show the title and the band name on a cover which he called ‘’archetype of a punk rock band’’. In addition, those are also examples of a Dada photomontage and a Punk photomontage which both used words and images to express verbal and visual meanings. In conclusion, the aim of this essay was to prove the relationship between Dada and Punk through various forms of artwork.They both were fighting against either the War or the rules of the system. In addition, Dada and Punk were characterised by similar ideology which was very controversial in terms of stereotypical vision of art. The violatio n of traditional rules and twisting the popular image of art had an impact on future subcultures, in this case Punk. Also, the creation of photomontage technique is shown through the comparisons of work from Dada period and then in Punk, which was born further in the 20th century. They were the evidence of controversy and provocation addressed by personal messages behind them.Although, there is 50 years of difference in between the movements, it is fair to say that both of them greatly affected our culture and inspired the future generations. References: Raoul Hausmann,The Art Critic. 2010. [online]. Last accessed 20 May 2012 at: http://iheartartblog. blogspot. co. uk/2010/05/raoul-hausmann-art-critic. html Audio Raoul Hausmann The Art Critic 1919-1920. 2011. [online]. Last accessed 20 May 2012 at: http://www. moma. org/explore/multimedia/audios/29/707 Chapter 12 Words and Images. 2009. [online]. Last accessed 20 May 2012 at: http://wiki. igital-foundations. net/index. php? title=Ch apter_12. _Words_and_Images Liam. 2009. [online]. Last accessed 19 May 2012 at: http://poptonesmusings. blogspot. co. uk/2009/02/dadaism-and-punk-meaning-less. html BERRYMAN,Ashleigh. 2010. [online]. Last accessed 19 May 2012 at: http://ashleighberryman. wordpress. com/2010/11/04/punk-is-dadaism/ KALOGERAKIS,Stelios,2011. [online]. Last accessed 19 May 2012 at: http://www. kalogerakis. org/? p=1171 Punk visual art. 2012. [online]. Last accessed 20 May 2012 at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Punk_visual_art Dada. 2012. [online].Last accessed 20 May 2012 at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dada POYNTON,Rick (2003). No More Rules Graphic Design and Postomodernism. London: Laurencce King Publishing. p39-40. GALE,Matthew (1997). Dada& Surrealism. London: Phaidon Press Limited. p103. ADES,Dawn (1986). Photomontage . 2nd ed. London: Thames and Hudson. p19-21. BIGSBY,C. W. E. (1972). Dada& Surrealism. London: Methuen & Co Ltd. p10-11. HERBERT,David (ed. ) (1970). Dada. London: Studio Vista L imited. p9-11 p28-35. GREIL,Micheal(1989). Lipstick Traces: a secret of the twentieth century. London: Secker & Warburg.

Sad sad story

This core course provides opportunities to explore a range of topics In the field of political Ideas, continental theory, aesthetics politic cal theory and art practices and strategies. Its purpose is to establish a common intellectual, historical and theoretical framework for students coming from diverse disciplines. Broadly, it considers key questions regarding the (so – called) ‘aestheticism Zion of politics' and the ‘plasticization of aesthetics' as emergent in the 20 the centuries.Assessment one 5,000 word essay P071014B Internship (MA International Studies only Lecturer: Dry Simon Griffith Spring Term This optional co ruse will involve spending two days each week for the duration of a term as an intern in a placement provider working in the field of politics, public policy or international studies. In the past students have undertaken p ligament s at a range of organist ions, including charities, think tanks and pressure groups; dies connected with integratio n al organizations such as the KIN; appropriate businesses; and political parties.Students will be attached to a placement supervisor during their placement . This p errors will supervise their work while on placement, in liaison with staff at Goldsmiths. Dents should find their own placements in the autumn term and will support them in that process. These placements must be cleared with the course convener. There is also a small pool of guaranteed places which will be competitively allocated.In fairness to hosts, we will also have to be confident that students' levels of attendance and achievement hill at Goldsmiths suggest that they can benefit from the inter unships The course is assessed in two ways. A reflective essay of 2, 5 3,000 words, worth % of the overall grade, which will apply the academic approaches of students' A studies to the practical experiences of their internship. A further 2 0% of the grade will be allocated on the basis of qualitative reports from the placemen t supervisor, based on all or some of the of Lowing criteria from the M A in IS learning outcomes.P071009B Global political cultures 1: Knowledge Power Culture Elect ere: Professor Sandy Seth 15 CATS Autumn Term Thursday 10. 00 22. 00 This course aims to raise questions about whether the concepts and categories through which we usually study the ‘international' or ‘global' are adequate to the task. It critically ex. Mines categories of the social sciences and humanities that are usually simply presupposed and ‘applied', and which, despite their Western or European origins, are assumed to be ‘universal'.It does this by closely examining some of the most important thee retrial writings of the post period, focusing upon books and debates which had repercussions far beyond their immediate disciplinary boundaries, including books by Kuhn, McIntyre, Factual, Said, and others. Students explore the claim(s) that far fro m being objective and universal, our knowledge is shaped by culture, history and politics. In seminars we ask, can different ‘conceptual schemes', ‘paradigms' or ‘traditions' be compared to see which one is better, or are they incommensurable?Do theories and explanations triumph over rival theories because they are ‘better' or for other reasons? Does knowledge serve to unmask power, or is it always caught up with and complicit with power? This course requires students not simply to advance their knowledge of politics, but to explore the politics of knowledge, and to do so, in particular, by inquiring into whether the categories and concepts of the social sciences are genuinely international and universal, or merely modern/Western and parochial.Assessment This course is assessed by one 3000 word essay P071012B Memory and Justice in Post Conflict Societies Lecturer: Jason Dramatic So 30 CATS Autumn Thursday 1 1. 00 15. 00 This course focuses on how societies emerging from different types of conflict (such a s war, genocide, dictatorship and grave human rights abuses) engage in the process of justice – such as trials, truth commissions, reparations, apologies and pub lice commemorations and social recesses, expressed through the media, culture and civil society initiatives.By exploring the complex relationship between conflict, memory and Justice in various cross – cultural settings, it seeks to provide an understands Eng of the ways in which such processes can promote or hinder reconciliation and the rebuilding of social, inter communal and inter national ties. The course will also assess the role of external actors (as for example, international war crimes tribunals) I n terms of how they affect internal processes of acknowledging past abuses. Case studies, including Germany , Japan , South Africa, he former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, will inform the theoretical debates and provide a comparative perspective.Films and decorum entries relating to the weekly topics will also be screened as an integral part of the course. One 5000 word essay on a topic of the student's choice, in a agreement with the course tutor. SUPPRESS Theories of International Relations TAB 15 CATS Autumn Term Wednesday 10. 00 This course provides a survey of the classical, critical and newly emerging theories of international relations, namely: realism/unrealism, liberalism/unilateralism, Marxism, constructivism, post modernism, minims, post colonialism, the aesthetic turn in IR and theories of Justice.The course approaches each of these theories through the concept of power, seeking to explain the radical shifts that have occurred both in our understanding of power as well as the role that it plays in international politics in the last century. The course combines its examination of theory with debates on contemporary case studies that serve to showcase the link between theory and practice. This course is assess De by one P071024A The European Union and Immigration: The Contours, Po litics and Economics of a New Policy Domain